Punjabi - 9291 Words

UNIT 19 CONCEPT OF SWARAJ, SATYAGRAHA AND CRITIQUE OF WESTERN CIVILISATION Structure ! I 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 Objectives Introduction The Civilisational Justification and British Rule 19.2.1 Gandhi, Moderates and the Extremists on the Legitimacy of British Rule i I I Gandhis Hind Swaraj 19.3.1 Gandhi, Extremists and British Colonialism 19.3.2 Gandhi, Moderates and British Colonialism 19.3.3 Gandhi on Swaraj 19.4 Gandhis Critique of Modern Civilisation 19.4.1 Western Influences on Gandhi 19.4.2 Meaning of True Civilisation 19.4.3 Critique of Modern Civilisation 19.5 Political, Economic and Moral Dimensions of Swaraj: More Detail 19.5.1 19.5.2 19.5.3 19.5.4 19.5.5 Definition and Meaning Swaraj or Participatory Democracy Swaraj and†¦show more content†¦T h e moderates were opposed to the economic drain of lndia by British colonialism but they believed in the cultural superiority o l modern Western civilisation. T h e sou ht to bring about Indias modernisation and eventual indepcndencc through conventional political methods, e.g. petitionsand legislative actions. By contrast. the extremists relied on terrorist or violent methods. The revivalists among them upheld the cultural supcriority 01 lndian tradition. I F Gandhi accepted some parts and re~cctedsome other parts of the thcor) and practice of the moderates and the cxtr.emists. He maintained that in his own theory and programme of action Ior swaraj, both mo,dcrate.r and thr extremists can join*l;and\ on a S U p ~ r j nn l - n ~ r Check Your Progress 1 Note : i) Use the space given below Tor y o u r answer. ii) Check your answer with that given at the end of thc unit. 1) In what way did (;andhi differ from the moderates aiid the e~trcniists rcpiirds as legitimacy o f British rule? 19.3 GANDHIS HIND SWARAJ Gandhi put forward his political ideas in several of his speeches and writings, the most notable of which is the booklet, Hind Swaraj, which he wrote in Gujarati on board S.S. Kildonan Castle during his return voyage from London to South Africain 1909. It was first published in two parts in Indian Opinion, a weekly edited and published by Gandhi and it refers to Indian anarchists living in London. The Indian anarchists stood forShow MoreRelatedSikh and Punjabi1563 Words   |  7 Pagesin Punjab Punjabi  (à ¨ ªÃ  © °Ã  ¨Å"à ¨ ¾Ã  ¨ ¬Ã  ©â‚¬ in  Gurmukhi  script and Ù ¾Ã™â€ Ã˜ ¬Ã˜ §Ã˜ ¨Ã›Å' in  Shahmukhi  script), which can be specified as  Eastern Punjabi  to distinguish it from  Western Punjabi  spoken in  Pakistan, is an  Indo-Aryan language  spoken by inhabitants of the historicalPunjab region  (north western  India  and in  Pakistan). For  Sikhs, the Punjabi language stands as the official language in which all ceremonies take place. Even though Punjabi is the most spoken language in  Pakistan, it has no official status. Punjabi languageRead MorePunjabi Culture1664 Words   |  7 Pagesà © ´ SHER-A-E PUNJAB, DISTINGUISHED à © ´ Punjabi Culture is the culture of the Punjab region. It is one of the oldest and richest cultures in world history, dating from ancient antiquity to the modern era. The Punjabi Culture is the culture of the Punjabi people who are now distributed throughout the world. The scope, history, sophistication and complexity of the culture are vast. Some of the main areas include, Punjabi Philosophy, poetry, spirituality, education, artistry, music, cuisine, science, technologyRead MoreBhangra1414 Words   |  6 PagesINTODUCTION Bhaá ¹â€¦gá ¹â€ºÃ„  (Punjabi: à ¨ ­Ã  © °Ã  ¨â€"à ©Å"à ¨ ¾ (Gurmukhi), Ø ¨Ãš ¾Ã™â€ Ãš ¯Ãšâ€˜Ã˜ § (Shahmukhi), à ¤ ­Ã  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤â€šÃ  ¤â€"à ¤ ¡Ã  ¤ ¼Ã  ¤ ¾ (Devanagari); pronounced [pə̀ŋÉ ¡Ã‰ ½aË ]) is a form of dance and music that originated in the Punjab region.[1] Bhangra dance began as a folk dance conducted by Punjabi Sikh farmers(Jatts) to celebrate the coming of the harvest season. The specific moves of Bhangra reflect the manner in which villagers farmed their land. This dance art further became synthesized after the partition of India, when refugees from different partsRead MoreMy City Chandigarh1476 Words   |  6 Pagesand is available at every wayside dhaba anywhere in northern India is the most famous dish of Chandigarh. Nevertheless, the pride of the Punjabi winter cuisine is sarson-ka-saag served with blobs of white butter accompanied by makke-di-roti and lassi. The other popular dishes, which belong exclusively to Punjab, are mah ki dal, rajma and stuffed parathas. Punjabi cuisine is characterized by a profusion of dairy products in the form of malai, paneer and curds. Chicken is a favorite with non-vegetariansRead MoreCuba Dining Habits : Geographic Setting Essay1087 Words   |  5 Pagescom/Algeria-to-France/Cuba.html Punjabi Dining Habits Introduction: I am going to discuss about the dinning habit of my hometown Amritsar that is a city in Punjab state of India. The Punjabi cuisine has basically evolved by effects of its agricultural factor and rich heritage (Punjabi Cuisine,n/d). Therefore, Punjabi cuisine relies on primary agricultural products and lacks the usage of processed foods, also, Punjabi cuisine uses expensive nuts and food products. It incorporatesRead MoreThe War Of The British Rule From India1326 Words   |  6 Pagesthat it soon became the very ‘symbol’ and ‘soul’ of the movement. So much so that the movement itself came to be called the Pagdi sambhal Jatta movement. However, the original song is written in Punjabi language but fortunatrly, it is also translated in English. Following is the English version and Punjabi version respectively. Oh farmers (Peasants), Save your turban Pagdi Sambhal Jatta, (dignity), save your Turban Pagdi Sambhal oye. Pagdi Sambhal Jatta, Pagdi Sambhal oye. oh farmerRead MoreThe American President, Franklin D. Roosevelt1692 Words   |  7 Pagesto houses, barbarism was everywhere. My grandmother s traumatic account can be compared to the many other destructive accounts told by people such as this one account which described the Partition as an, Orgy of murder, loot and arson on Punjabi, Hindu and Sikh refugees Separatists ideas were further fueled by the increase representation of the Muslim body in politics. Because of religious conflict and the ideas of separatism, the Partition was set into place and created a violent atmosphereRead More The Effects of the Green Revolution on the Punjabi Soils of India1486 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects of the Green Revolution on the Punjabi Soils of India The Green Revolution hopes to avert global hunger crises by enabling developing nations to be self sufficient. The goal is to replace old agricultural traditions with newer Western practices. Developing nations can increase their total yields by using genetically engineered seeds, large irrigation projects, and prolific quantities of fertilizer. The aim of this paper is examine the methods of the Green Revolution, and their effectsRead MoreThe Punjabi Culture : A Culture That May Not Be Known About Outside Of The Original Culture1668 Words   |  7 Pagesinteresting is the Punjabi culture. The Punjabi culture has many interesting facets but the one that elicits attention is there marriage traditions. In order to find more information about the topic it is important to find people who belong to that culture to interview. After speaking to Amritapreet Kaur Grewal, who is Punjabi, the focus narrowed towards 7 marriage traditions. The marriage traditions consist of a seven-day long proc ess with a special event on each day. The Punjabi wedding consistsRead MoreNationhood and Nationalities in Pakistan1700 Words   |  7 PagesNationalism’: As soon as Pakistan came into being, demands of provincial autonomy began to surface. People belonging to the smaller provinces started to realize that the salariat (which constitutes the military and the bureaucracy) was dominated by Punjabis. Due to the fact that it makes up more than half the population of the country, it was obvious that it would dominate the civil service, military and politics. This led to the feeling of deprivation. People of Sindh, KPK, and Baluchistan felt that

Universal Studios Personal Narrative - 1286 Words

It was Christmas of 2009 and my family and I had just arrived at Universal Studios of Hollywood. My sister slowly pulled up into the long uphill line of cars, all waiting to finally be let into the car park by the toll booth. It was a fairly lengthy wait that lasted around forty minutes but we didn’t mind as we were all very excited for the aftermath and knowing it was well worth it kept our patience strong. Eventually our turn came and after a brief talk and transaction with the man in the toll booth we finally were allowed into the multi-story car park. Now the challenge was to find an empty parking space on that busy Christmas morning. After search floor after floor for an empty space we managed to find an almost completely empty row on†¦show more content†¦It was three hour wait, three hours we could’ve spent doing something else. But all was good because this is the Theme Park’s iconic ride that you just HAVE to take if you go there. When we got on there was a lot of relief and I think the ride was worth it, though if I had visited this park again I would definitely not wait in line for it again. When we got in the tour bus and we departed I first though â€Å"Oh this is going to be boring†¦Ã¢â‚¬  but I was pleasantly mistaken! They took us to the sets of many of their films and TV shows such as Jaws, Psycho, Desperate housewives and more. They explained how they would film things and even gave us examples of how the Jaws moved and they made it interesting by putting us in the moment by doing things such as taking the tour bus about one fourth under water or going through a cave inspired by the Mummy and spraying big droplets of water on us with the lights dim to simulate beetles swarming us. It was probably the most memorable ride I got on not only due to the fact that I enjoyed it but also due to the fact that my mother and sister were also able to enjoy it. Afterwards we headed over to the Mummy ride, if correct I believe it was the only roller coaster available at the park and I just absolutely had to ride it! Unfortunately as with most of the other rides My sister and mother couldn’t get on either but again my Brother-in-law accompanied me. At this point I should disclose the fact that I had NEVERShow MoreRelatedPersonal Narrative: A Visit to Universal Studios and Disney in Orlando540 Words   |  2 Pagesanyone felt as I did – about this madness, I wanted to find those who reject it all. I knew they were there - somewhere. That night I found nothing. The next day we drove along, boulevards lined with motels, peep shows and strip bars. We visited Universal Studious and Walt Disney. I wondered if these places were the centre, the final mental solution of the American Dream. If this is where it took its inspiration and ideology from and then siphoned it and injected it with mirror images of people whoRead MoreAll that H eaven Allows by Douglas Sirk920 Words   |  4 Pagesgenre came to age and there is no better example than Douglas Sirk’s All that Heaven Allows. The melodrama followed some basic characteristics which can be identified in the film. First and foremost the narrative of the melodrama focused on the family. All that Heaven Allows follows the narrative of the typical melodrama but at the same time also challenges the social conventions. While Sirk follows many of the key themes he does so in a more detached fashion. The protagonist Cary is bound to herRead MoreThe Decline of Classical Hollywood Films888 Words   |  4 Pagestelevision popularity and accessibility and the taste and interests of viewers which in turn ended the monopoly of Hollywood Studios. To combat this Hollywood Studios turned it’s back on the origins of its creation and headed in a new direction. An era of film-school educated, liberal filmmakers began in Hollywood where the directors of the films bega n to express their personal view and creative insights. These directors and new age film-makers were heavily influence by the work of the Italian Neo RealismRead MoreExperimental Cinem The Experimental Film Movement1453 Words   |  6 Pagesfor most people, some filmmakers wanted to break this tradition and expand filmmaking into a completely different way. Instead of making the same old narrative films, like classical Hollywood, they want to make more abstract and complex films, they wanted to make films as more of an art-form. Instead of relying on actors and writes to tell a narrative story, these filmmakers wanted to change things up and make films that went against the norms of the Hollywood cinema. They wanted to experiment withRead MoreMy First Time on a Plane - Personal Narrative606 Words   |  3 Pages My First Time on a Plane - Personal Narrative When I was seven years old I went on my very first holiday abroad, to America. I can remember waking up at Five oclock in the morning to catch an early flight from Heathrow airport. I was so excited I forgot about the daunting effort of getting up so early. My Mum, Dad, Brother, grandparents and I set off on the long journey to the airport, then Orlando Florida. I remember the white taxi van used to transport us to Read MoreThe Studio System Essay14396 Words   |  58 PagesThe Studio System Key point about the studio system could be: Despite being one of the biggest industries in the United States, indeed the World, the internal workings of the dream factory that is Hollywood is little understood outside the business. The Hollywood Studio System: A History is the first book to describe and analyse the complete development, classic operation, and reinvention of the global corporate entities which produce and distribute most ofRead MoreThe Literary History of the Philippines: a Timeline3372 Words   |  14 PagesLiterature my students would appreciate better the rich culture of the Filipino people. I am sure they would become proud of their identity as Filipinos. Philippine Literature in English has done great things into the lives of the people. Knowing others personal experiences make me understand that literature is truly based on significant human experiences. But what is the point? The point is that Philippine Literature in English has been developing based on the literary masterpieces of Filipino writersRead More Criteria for Evaluating Media Violence Essay1530 Words   |  7 PagesNo Universal Criteria for Evaluating Media Violence      Ã‚  Ã‚   In a famous speech in 1995, Bob Dole, in an effort to gain more conservative support for his impending Republican Presidential Nomination, unleashed a damning indictment of the movie industry, seemingly unprovoked and somewhat puzzling. (Lacayo) Doles speech and especially the rebuttals to it raise many questions central to the debate over violence in film: is violence destructive to impressionable viewers, is violence critical to theRead MoreInfluences of the Romantic Period1575 Words   |  7 PagesInfluences on the Romantic Period Romanticism spawned in the late 18th century and flourished in the early and mid-19th century. Romanticism emphasized the irrational, the imaginative, the personal, the spontaneous, the emotional, the visionary, the transcendental, and the individual. Romanticism is often viewed as a rejection of the ideologies of Classicism and Neoclassicisms, namely calm, order, harmony, idealization, rationality and balance. Some characteristics of Romanticism include: emotionRead MoreHow Did Walt Disney Create Mickey Mouse2914 Words   |  12 Pagesout of high school at the age of sixteen to join the army, Disney was rejected for being underage. Walt a temporary job through a bank colleague at the Pesmen-Rubin Art Studio where he created advertisements for newspapers, magazines, and movie theaters. At Pesmen-Rubin he met cartoonist Ubbe Iwerks and when their time at the studio expired, they decided to start their own commercial company together. (Gates, 3). Glogovac - 3 Oswald the Lucky Rabbit was Disney’s first original character. The new

The Impact of Popular Culture in Our Lives Free Essays

As the number of users, young or old people round the world grows; It Is Important to know the causes that have made Faceable so phenomenon In our lives. Among the various ways by which FEB.. We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of Popular Culture in Our Lives or any similar topic only for you Order Now Has come to possess our lives, we are going to talk about relationship, business and online gaming. First, Faceable Is so popular because It Is an excellent way to establish friendship and create a friends’ circle around the world. It is not only used to create relationship, but it allows people or friends to stay in communication. With its features like instant online chat and now Video calling, Faceable makes friendship more interesting at no cost all. In addition to its great benefit, Faceable is a platform where we can create, personalize and manage our own profile. FEB.. Has improved the way society communicate by dismantling the barrier and creating an environment of openness (Fletcher Dan and Andrea Ford, 1). We can share any event of our life by posting pictures, comments, and video. Faceable also gives us the chance to react to the post of friends by commenting the posted event. As a social website, it is a best way to retrieve old friends seen longtime ago. FEB.. Is a space which allows us to keep in touch with our friends and family members no matter the distance (Breed Conrad, www. Dedication. Ca). For example a family member travels to another place where it is difficult to coordinate the difference of time, therefore, it is hard to have phone conversation or text. Nowadays Faceable gives us the chance to stay in touch. With the development of internet, electronics devices like smartness and tablets, we can share and report our feelings, our life’s event at any time and from any part of the world. Another way Faceable boosts relationship is for example when students create a group for studying purpose. Through this link, students can stay connected ND share any information on their project, home works, weekly assignments, exams and due date. Next, FEB.. Is not only used to create relationship, but people can also use It to do business. Business may enjoy Faceable for many reasons . Small or big business can lower marketing expenses by using FEB.. Pages and also allow people to upload pictures, video and leave comments from business. This may be a powerful way to communicate with customers, Glenn the chance to see the product or service expectations without having to vaults the office. Also the function â€Å"share or tag† can be used to promote business around the world (N. P. , www. Business. SLD. Gob. AU/ page, and then invite friends or existent customers to share or tag it. Each shared image will appear on a Faceable members’ pages where their friends can see it too. By the end of posting day, the image or picture can be seen five hundred to thousand times. Faceable is a base of customers of more than one thousand millions around the world. Business activities which were extremely expensive prior Faceable, can be used on Faceable for free or at least for a small contribution. Faceable page is a space where any business can publicize their name, address and contact details, and rotary their products and services. Business organizations can present their staff, history, or any other aspect of their activities that can attract other Faceable users and create interest (N. P. , www. Business. SLD. Gob/business). Finally, Faceable is becoming one of the most enamored platform for online gaming. It is an amazing website that provides an exciting and stimulating platform of online free games for its members 24 hours a day. Play online games with friends, share scores and sometimes give points to rescue them is one of the interesting thing that Faceable offers to its members. Nowadays, Feb.. Online gaming has surprisingly exploded. The number of players grows at the same rate as the Faceable users’ number. Some people only login in Faceable to play games and spend times. The users who play games monthly on faceable. Com are up to 250 million (Breed Conrad, www. Dedication. Ca). The success of Faceable game application makes games developers to link their product to Faceable. To emphasize online social interactions with others players, Faceable tends to focus games (Breed Conrad, maw. ‘. Addiction. Ca). Among Faceable games, some games like Yoga’s Diamond Dash, Pet Saga Rescue, Zingy, city Vile are most attractive. For example in â€Å"October 2013, members were directed to Diamond Dash app over 19 million times† (Mike Thompson, www insignificance. Mom). In conclusion, Faceable is a mean used by any type of people from anywhere in the world. Feb.. Gives us a chance to do many interesting things like creating relationship, doing business and having fun by playing games as well. Even if FEB.. Has dismantled any culture barriers, it is important to underline that Faceable has possessed our lives. Today, many people cannot spend an ent ire day without logging in FEB.. . The question is how to use Faceable without making us dumber or addicts. Brent Conrad. â€Å"Why is Faceable so Addictive? How to cite The Impact of Popular Culture in Our Lives, Papers

Issues And Trends In Communication Industry-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Issues And Trends In Communication Industry? Answer: Introducation The advent of the Internet has disrupted the old business model for newspapers. Digitalisation, convergence and audience fragmentation, fuelled by the World Wide Web, have changed the media ecosystem and challenged established journalistic practices. As a result, traditional newspapers are experimenting with ways to keep journalism alive despite the digital evolution. Conduct research* on ONE (1) English-language online newspaper from Singapore or overseas to determine how successfully it has reinvented itself to meet the challenge posed by the digital revolution. In your research project, you must: Analyse the changing trends in the news industry, and evaluate the opportunities for and challenges faced by the news industry. (20 marks Propose a research question and select an appropriate research method to determine how successfully the online newspaper had reinvented itself to meet the challenge posed by the digital evolution. Appraise the suitability of the research method used and examine the research findings. (40 marks) Use the market model or the public sphere model, or both, to evaluate the way the online newspaper in (b) serves its audience. Prepare an action plan to recommend changes the online newspaper should make in order to reach its audience more effectively in the digital age. (40 marks) Communication Industry is a booming industry. People these days, with the advent of internet and smartphones, mostly go through online news reporting. Journalism has evolved and printing machines have become better and bigger. With the evolving technology, digital news also continues to evolve. Some of the technologies being virtual reality, automated reporting to social media experiments etc. which have only helped widen the coverage of news. About 4/10 US citizens refer to online news only (Cho, Keum Shah, 2015). An interesting and important trend in the world of online newspapers. Smart phones are becoming the preferred device instead of television sets. From 54% in 2013 the mobile news readers base had gone up to 72% in 2017. When talking about content, long form contents which are 1000 words or more attract more engaged time than short form news items. The number of readers is about the same though. Social media platforms with their uniqueness have also become a channel to read news about happenings around the globe. Pews Research has shown that that about 2/3rds of Facebook users read their news on Facebook which is about 44% in the US alone (Anderson, 2013). Online journalism has also evolved in the sense that people read their news while doing other activities online but do not leave the chance to dig deep and seek the news out. While some users may be divided on accepting the news on social media as genuine, it still is accountable for 4% of web users who trust the news a lot and about 34% say they trust it to some extent (Paulussen Harder, 2014). Earlier on, media houses produced the news and controlled its distribution channels. Nowadays platform organizations, Governments are exactly in between the readers and the reporters (Fico et al., 2013). Editors cant control their own work which circulates on various platforms. Journalists have pressure to be at the right spot at right time-be where the people are and yet what is happening to their readers is unknown to them. News reporting has evolved a lot over years. In the beginning, when people felt the need to share relevant information, they used to rely on pigeons, owls, messengers, royal drum beaters etc. With the inception of newspapers, news reporting took the form of story telling combined with critical views and inputs substantiated with proof of data. The tabloid form of news reporting followed the inverted pyramid style with priority top position provided to important news and not so important ones towards the bottom. This usually got chopped off in editing stage on basis of availability of space. Then, there is hourglass style. It enjoys the benefits of both narrative and inverted pyramid style of reporting (Craig, 2013). There is intense competition among different media conglomerates these days, the race to present the news first to an audience often even compels them to present news in a lucid manner but without manufactured views. Another reporting style David Murphy's Level-1, Level- 2, and Level-3 is well practiced these days. The research shall analyze content from 2 well-known media housesCNN International and Al-Jazeera website. The content considered for analysis is from both the websites covering Middle-East conflicts. The news article covered was recapturing Raqqa from ISIS. Below is the analysis: Al-Jazeera CNN Linguistic aspect: Headline Lead Body Words accompanying visuals (if any) Headline looked to the point and was self-explanatory. The headline gave an impression that Al Jazeera was concentrating on current turmoil. The news articles were as per quote by a rights group Amnesty International. There was no mention of leads for the story except the source at the very end of the article. The news article seemed detailed and to the point. It talked about instances at various locations which were making things difficult for Syrian army to evacuate survivors The website supplied readers with a proper map showing current ISIS strongholds which make it easier to understand the position in less time. Thereafter there were 3 other pictures showing the plight of people from Raqqa. A video had been also posted on the same page for the viewers to see and decide for themselves. The word count was about 1000 words. (Gerhards Schafer, 2014.) The Headline was easy to understand. It gave out a feeling that CNN was focusing on ordeals of survivors in Raqqa since the time offensive had begun. The news article was as per quote by Amnesty International. There was mention of their two reporters who had written the report The news article was not properly detailed on current processes being carried out for proper evacuation. There were many quotes and sources from where they had taken information. Overall the article looked a half attempt CNN article had a video that started playing by itself. It showed their two correspondents accompanying soldiers to outskirts of Raqqa with background gunshot audible. There was another video of one of the survivors and her plight with a child in tow. It was informative but did not do much justice to the cause of the article. The word count was less than 300 words. (Hellmueller Li, 2015) Structure of news story The structure of the story was that on an inverted pyramid. The structure of the story was inverted pyramid. Visuals (if any) Yes, ample pictures and videos to support the story. Location of news story Location is Raqqa city of Syria Raqqa city of Syria. News story broadcasted on a TV channel, i.e. Al-Jazeera English and CNN. Yes. Yes. For the purpose of the research, the question considered is -- what design is the best design for an online newspaper to gain maximum viewership? When we talk of online newspapers, it is important to note that a proper online newspaper got published only in 1994 post which there was an explosion of the same. Though earlier, publishers used to dilly and dally electronic dissemination of graphics and related texts, in 1994, Palo Alto Weekly was published. An important process of online newspapers is the constant struggle of publishers/editors on what best web technology to use to establish their online newspaper as popular as printed ones. To report the apparent requirement of information, genre theory has been used in the research (McGrath, 2015). Specifically, to develop empirical design base recommendation for an online newspaper. Genres keep on changing with time. They could be characterized by content, positioning, form etc. The genre rules for online newspapers are decided by publisher and audience unanimously reflected by consumption patterns. Genre awareness is actually a notion of how publishers and audience together re duce web complexity (Kopytowska, 2015). If a new site with the similar intention of that of an existing one is brought into existence, usually the characteristics are kept same and presentation is more or less suited. It is of extreme importance that users expectations are met. Earlier researches conducted on newspaper designs to be published online relied heavily on experimental designs and mostly on surveys. Research on design mostly entails information location, features of content, interactive functions etc. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the same, a qualitative research was conducted. To get data, web page analysis, based on content, form, positioning, and functionality was done. This was also to study design change genres. The study brought out various genre rules evolved post analysis of the purpose of the design of the publisher, audience recognition and value add using interview techniques as well as usability tests. To get a proper understanding of online newspaper designs, a qualitative study was done. Interviews were conducted with the editor in chiefs of nine Swedish newspapers, management and designers as well. About 153 users were also tested as part of the usability test. This was so that important information such as genre rules based on design purpose set by publishers and recognition as well as the use of audiences (Lewis, Holton Coddington, 2014). The research also covered front pages of nine Swedish online papers from 2015-2016. First from 2015 and then again in 2016. This gave an indication towards info such as genre characteristics and design changes in the genre. The first analysis was more to collect ideas and interpret respondent statements and the later one in 2016, to check on the features which sold most and gained further importance. Typically, the three reasons to approach the publishers, customers and online newspapers(Swedish) was primarily to gain knowledge on the design and usability of online newspaper publications. a. Swedish population is the 4th largest newspaper reading nation in the world and have 4th largest newspaper consumption in the world. b. Sweden has almost all its publications online versions and c. research showed that it was the fourth popular activity online which people did. Analysis started with web page analysis of the first page of all 9 online newspapers after gaining agreement from publishers of 9 Swedish newspapers. This provided access to even the customers. This helped a lot in preparing a sample of 153 users across Sweden. Post analysis of the first page, interviews were conducted with publishers. This was more to understand the logic they used in designing the page. Semi-formal structured interviews conducted with some management members, editor in chiefs and page designers was also conducted. These types of the audience were selected as there was the need to collect data which only they could shed light on mostly on d esigning and creating a design page. The interviews were recorded and later transcribed as well (von Krogh Andersson, 2016). This showed an immense trend. To conduct the usability test, newspapers were asked to float the survey on their URL itself which the audience had the option to fill and submit. Selection of answers was categorized into age, education, gender and internet usage. The sample size ultimately came down to 153. The interviews/usability test centered around customers interaction with the online newspaper, their level of interaction. The sessions usually started with a standard usability test adopting the think-aloud technique for approximately 15 minutes where the audience would analyze their own interaction level with the online paper. The interview followed a structured guide to get the answers for same questions from all respondents across Sweden. Sections from interview guide were created to match the collection of elements from the page itself. Respondents were in front of their own computers. This was so that they could show how they did certain tasks on the website and so that they could relate to the activity itself. Almost 53 interview questions which had been grouped into 5 different categories were used; (1) Steering and construction, (2) Reading favorites, (3) Layout, (4) Trademark and dependability and (5) Others. For the sake of research data collected was from 1st 3 categories only and every interview lasted for about 40 minutes. The analysis was replicated with what was done above for publishers. The results were: Content Elements There were a lot of navigation errors which customers put up like for navigating they needed to go back to home page and click on other articles always (Karlsson, Clerwall Ornebring, 2015). This was rectified, navigation was made clearer and user-friendly (Vu, 2014). Categories of news items are rather much detailed now to cater to specific choices of varied interests of customers instead of generalizing it under concise categories. More and better visual aids in form of pictures and even videos are provided. Design purpose Earlier, the purpose of the design was mostly to replicate the printed editions. Respondents said that there were never more than two clicks on a page. This was why they had to go back to the main page to browse. This changed in later editions where customers had options to go to other materials using drop down options. Audience usability review Most of the news websites were not user-friendly. Some which excelled had a good layout and customers responded that they had a good overview reading captions under different categories however for other pages it was unclear. There was a search and navigation bar right at the bottom of the page which made things difficult for them. c) When analyzing using the market model to see how the newspapers' online edition is serving the customers, it is seen that: these are private companies each presenting a product (Franklin, 2014) All audiences are consumers Present news that is popular Success is measured through popularity which helps milk profit (Ferrucci, 2015) all newspapers which are online are ultimately products, bundled with advertisements or items of interest All online newspaper agencies are answerable to stakeholders/owners (Waisbord, 2013) Recommendations which could be provided regarding the design are mostly around the same features which were taken for study, in terms of functionality/purpose, form, and layout. Certain recommendations which could be easily implemented so that the e-papers reached their audiences with better efficiency are: To use the front-page length to provide a layout of the website itself as most audiences pointed out that they returned to the home page to restart navigating to other articles. Many users usually relied on their experience of going through the printed paper while going through the front page of the online paper. Publishers do keep it longer as scrolling down gives an impression of the experience of going through an actual paper. That is also the reason why publishers also relied on the categories from printed editions when zeroing in on design-another relevance for opting for broadsheet allegory for selecting layouts A broadsheet metaphor to be used In terms of categories and divisions, the online e-paper resembled the printed versions. Even the readers loved referring to the online version of the newspaper. On an average, the general opinion is always that the online version is different than the printed version. Producers are almost always in a fix when presenting new services, unlike audiences who have no issues. It is hereby recommended to opt for broadsheet metaphor for layouts for the sake of familiarity Providing alternate options to navigate on site Since both, the publishers are audiences suffered due to this same reason, additional efforts need to be made to improve navigation on site. Good content is also characterized by proper navigation, the length of the front page needs to be utilized Ads could be made a part of the navigation banners itself To gain maximum effect advertisements are always either on top or right of the page. The navigation banner serves the purpose of navigation and nothing else. Recent news should be positioned on top recent news if placed on top shall provide audiences with an update and it would be also easier to pick for reading (Sjovaag, 2016) Providing time stamps for recent new articles by providing time stamps, again it would indicate that the news is recent and customers would be drawn to it A single search facility for finding archived and current articles Some people are not even aware of such a button but there are few audience members who use the search facility and the remaining find it problematic. Confusion around this was this that certain newspapers did not place the current articles under archive till the next day. The search mostly yielded no results in case the new belonged to the same day. If mostly, newspapers followed the policy of keeping even current articles under archive then a lot of confusion could be avoided. Also, it must be placed in a position where it could be seen easily Post adoption of a genre perspective on the design aspect of online newspapers, a set of design recommendations could be arrived at. This sort of perspective on design exposed the consumers outlooks of the genre. It also facilitated the designers of online newspapers to work upon the awareness of genre by refining its characteristics. The outcomes should be essentially viewed as a phase in the development of the online newspapers stages to becoming popular and familiar to customers. As part of the research, the usability test and the interviews that were conducted revealed a lot about the features of the sites which were being used but meant for a separate purpose. Example the headers, navigation items etc. The research helped reveal the features which were problematic as per audience and exactly the problem with it. Example search bar, also the fact that the search bar did not yield current news under archive. The rules of the genre hence were revealed were mostly drawn from expressions and/or engagements illuminating how publishers and audience, each relied on the same feature to fulfill their own purposes (Andersson Wadbring, 2015). For e.g. to give and get a familiar frame of reference. The analysis also revealed how the features were different from their previous versions. Since each of the sites differed in features, the research helped shed light on what audiences thought. This was analyzed considering their responses (Nilsson Wadbring, 2015). The process turned out to be beneficial. For case, the research revealed that the audiences of the online newspapers could easily differentiate the value of a particular news item by simply observing the headings, puffs etc. They also noticed that on a single page itself, there seemed to be many items of same ranked value. The 2015 analysis indicated towards the features which were crucial and later on, the same features had gained a lot of d ominance, for example positioning of recent news articles on top owing to factors such as, e.g. news appraisal. Research conducted later indicated that the position importance was directly proportional to the length of the front page. To rethink about taking a genre viewpoint of the design so as to, drive recommendations on design, succeed at making more of a universal guideline when designing sections of genres of online newspapers. Several studies have pointed out that user-friendly and language of users themselves should be used. Some of the recommendations provided above such as navigation pointers, broadsheet metaphor etc. to be used are the same concept. The limitation is that the recommendations only apply to the genre of online newspapers, hence; they have a narrow applicability. For further efficacy, more research could be conducted which could elaborate on proposed design commendations. This could be genre specific in collective collaboration with audiences and publishers. Such a study would also explicate the development story which could be genre based. Keeping the genre based perspectives stable, further designs could be developed over time so as to, present the articles in the best possible presentat ion format for audience consumption. References Anderson, C. W. (2013).Rebuilding the news: Metropolitan journalism in the digital age. Temple University. Waisbord, S. (2013).Reinventing professionalism: Journalism and news in global perspective. John Wiley Sons. Journals Craig, R. (2013).News writing and reporting: The complete guide for today's journalist. Oxford University Press. Cho, J., Keum, H., Shah, D. V. (2015). 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