Punjabi - 9291 Words

UNIT 19 CONCEPT OF SWARAJ, SATYAGRAHA AND CRITIQUE OF WESTERN CIVILISATION Structure ! I 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 Objectives Introduction The Civilisational Justification and British Rule 19.2.1 Gandhi, Moderates and the Extremists on the Legitimacy of British Rule i I I Gandhis Hind Swaraj 19.3.1 Gandhi, Extremists and British Colonialism 19.3.2 Gandhi, Moderates and British Colonialism 19.3.3 Gandhi on Swaraj 19.4 Gandhis Critique of Modern Civilisation 19.4.1 Western Influences on Gandhi 19.4.2 Meaning of True Civilisation 19.4.3 Critique of Modern Civilisation 19.5 Political, Economic and Moral Dimensions of Swaraj: More Detail 19.5.1 19.5.2 19.5.3 19.5.4 19.5.5 Definition and Meaning Swaraj or Participatory Democracy Swaraj and†¦show more content†¦T h e moderates were opposed to the economic drain of lndia by British colonialism but they believed in the cultural superiority o l modern Western civilisation. T h e sou ht to bring about Indias modernisation and eventual indepcndencc through conventional political methods, e.g. petitionsand legislative actions. By contrast. the extremists relied on terrorist or violent methods. The revivalists among them upheld the cultural supcriority 01 lndian tradition. I F Gandhi accepted some parts and re~cctedsome other parts of the thcor) and practice of the moderates and the cxtr.emists. He maintained that in his own theory and programme of action Ior swaraj, both mo,dcrate.r and thr extremists can join*l;and\ on a S U p ~ r j nn l - n ~ r Check Your Progress 1 Note : i) Use the space given below Tor y o u r answer. ii) Check your answer with that given at the end of thc unit. 1) In what way did (;andhi differ from the moderates aiid the e~trcniists rcpiirds as legitimacy o f British rule? 19.3 GANDHIS HIND SWARAJ Gandhi put forward his political ideas in several of his speeches and writings, the most notable of which is the booklet, Hind Swaraj, which he wrote in Gujarati on board S.S. Kildonan Castle during his return voyage from London to South Africain 1909. It was first published in two parts in Indian Opinion, a weekly edited and published by Gandhi and it refers to Indian anarchists living in London. The Indian anarchists stood forShow MoreRelatedSikh and Punjabi1563 Words   |  7 Pagesin Punjab Punjabi  (à ¨ ªÃ  © °Ã  ¨Å"à ¨ ¾Ã  ¨ ¬Ã  ©â‚¬ in  Gurmukhi  script and Ù ¾Ã™â€ Ã˜ ¬Ã˜ §Ã˜ ¨Ã›Å' in  Shahmukhi  script), which can be specified as  Eastern Punjabi  to distinguish it from  Western Punjabi  spoken in  Pakistan, is an  Indo-Aryan language  spoken by inhabitants of the historicalPunjab region  (north western  India  and in  Pakistan). For  Sikhs, the Punjabi language stands as the official language in which all ceremonies take place. Even though Punjabi is the most spoken language in  Pakistan, it has no official status. Punjabi languageRead MorePunjabi Culture1664 Words   |  7 Pagesà © ´ SHER-A-E PUNJAB, DISTINGUISHED à © ´ Punjabi Culture is the culture of the Punjab region. It is one of the oldest and richest cultures in world history, dating from ancient antiquity to the modern era. The Punjabi Culture is the culture of the Punjabi people who are now distributed throughout the world. The scope, history, sophistication and complexity of the culture are vast. Some of the main areas include, Punjabi Philosophy, poetry, spirituality, education, artistry, music, cuisine, science, technologyRead MoreBhangra1414 Words   |  6 PagesINTODUCTION Bhaá ¹â€¦gá ¹â€ºÃ„  (Punjabi: à ¨ ­Ã  © °Ã  ¨â€"à ©Å"à ¨ ¾ (Gurmukhi), Ø ¨Ãš ¾Ã™â€ Ãš ¯Ãšâ€˜Ã˜ § (Shahmukhi), à ¤ ­Ã  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤â€šÃ  ¤â€"à ¤ ¡Ã  ¤ ¼Ã  ¤ ¾ (Devanagari); pronounced [pə̀ŋÉ ¡Ã‰ ½aË ]) is a form of dance and music that originated in the Punjab region.[1] Bhangra dance began as a folk dance conducted by Punjabi Sikh farmers(Jatts) to celebrate the coming of the harvest season. The specific moves of Bhangra reflect the manner in which villagers farmed their land. This dance art further became synthesized after the partition of India, when refugees from different partsRead MoreMy City Chandigarh1476 Words   |  6 Pagesand is available at every wayside dhaba anywhere in northern India is the most famous dish of Chandigarh. Nevertheless, the pride of the Punjabi winter cuisine is sarson-ka-saag served with blobs of white butter accompanied by makke-di-roti and lassi. The other popular dishes, which belong exclusively to Punjab, are mah ki dal, rajma and stuffed parathas. Punjabi cuisine is characterized by a profusion of dairy products in the form of malai, paneer and curds. Chicken is a favorite with non-vegetariansRead MoreCuba Dining Habits : Geographic Setting Essay1087 Words   |  5 Pagescom/Algeria-to-France/Cuba.html Punjabi Dining Habits Introduction: I am going to discuss about the dinning habit of my hometown Amritsar that is a city in Punjab state of India. The Punjabi cuisine has basically evolved by effects of its agricultural factor and rich heritage (Punjabi Cuisine,n/d). Therefore, Punjabi cuisine relies on primary agricultural products and lacks the usage of processed foods, also, Punjabi cuisine uses expensive nuts and food products. It incorporatesRead MoreThe War Of The British Rule From India1326 Words   |  6 Pagesthat it soon became the very ‘symbol’ and ‘soul’ of the movement. So much so that the movement itself came to be called the Pagdi sambhal Jatta movement. However, the original song is written in Punjabi language but fortunatrly, it is also translated in English. Following is the English version and Punjabi version respectively. Oh farmers (Peasants), Save your turban Pagdi Sambhal Jatta, (dignity), save your Turban Pagdi Sambhal oye. Pagdi Sambhal Jatta, Pagdi Sambhal oye. oh farmerRead MoreThe American President, Franklin D. Roosevelt1692 Words   |  7 Pagesto houses, barbarism was everywhere. My grandmother s traumatic account can be compared to the many other destructive accounts told by people such as this one account which described the Partition as an, Orgy of murder, loot and arson on Punjabi, Hindu and Sikh refugees Separatists ideas were further fueled by the increase representation of the Muslim body in politics. Because of religious conflict and the ideas of separatism, the Partition was set into place and created a violent atmosphereRead More The Effects of the Green Revolution on the Punjabi Soils of India1486 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects of the Green Revolution on the Punjabi Soils of India The Green Revolution hopes to avert global hunger crises by enabling developing nations to be self sufficient. The goal is to replace old agricultural traditions with newer Western practices. Developing nations can increase their total yields by using genetically engineered seeds, large irrigation projects, and prolific quantities of fertilizer. The aim of this paper is examine the methods of the Green Revolution, and their effectsRead MoreThe Punjabi Culture : A Culture That May Not Be Known About Outside Of The Original Culture1668 Words   |  7 Pagesinteresting is the Punjabi culture. The Punjabi culture has many interesting facets but the one that elicits attention is there marriage traditions. In order to find more information about the topic it is important to find people who belong to that culture to interview. After speaking to Amritapreet Kaur Grewal, who is Punjabi, the focus narrowed towards 7 marriage traditions. The marriage traditions consist of a seven-day long proc ess with a special event on each day. The Punjabi wedding consistsRead MoreNationhood and Nationalities in Pakistan1700 Words   |  7 PagesNationalism’: As soon as Pakistan came into being, demands of provincial autonomy began to surface. People belonging to the smaller provinces started to realize that the salariat (which constitutes the military and the bureaucracy) was dominated by Punjabis. Due to the fact that it makes up more than half the population of the country, it was obvious that it would dominate the civil service, military and politics. This led to the feeling of deprivation. People of Sindh, KPK, and Baluchistan felt that

Universal Studios Personal Narrative - 1286 Words

It was Christmas of 2009 and my family and I had just arrived at Universal Studios of Hollywood. My sister slowly pulled up into the long uphill line of cars, all waiting to finally be let into the car park by the toll booth. It was a fairly lengthy wait that lasted around forty minutes but we didn’t mind as we were all very excited for the aftermath and knowing it was well worth it kept our patience strong. Eventually our turn came and after a brief talk and transaction with the man in the toll booth we finally were allowed into the multi-story car park. Now the challenge was to find an empty parking space on that busy Christmas morning. After search floor after floor for an empty space we managed to find an almost completely empty row on†¦show more content†¦It was three hour wait, three hours we could’ve spent doing something else. But all was good because this is the Theme Park’s iconic ride that you just HAVE to take if you go there. When we got on there was a lot of relief and I think the ride was worth it, though if I had visited this park again I would definitely not wait in line for it again. When we got in the tour bus and we departed I first though â€Å"Oh this is going to be boring†¦Ã¢â‚¬  but I was pleasantly mistaken! They took us to the sets of many of their films and TV shows such as Jaws, Psycho, Desperate housewives and more. They explained how they would film things and even gave us examples of how the Jaws moved and they made it interesting by putting us in the moment by doing things such as taking the tour bus about one fourth under water or going through a cave inspired by the Mummy and spraying big droplets of water on us with the lights dim to simulate beetles swarming us. It was probably the most memorable ride I got on not only due to the fact that I enjoyed it but also due to the fact that my mother and sister were also able to enjoy it. Afterwards we headed over to the Mummy ride, if correct I believe it was the only roller coaster available at the park and I just absolutely had to ride it! Unfortunately as with most of the other rides My sister and mother couldn’t get on either but again my Brother-in-law accompanied me. At this point I should disclose the fact that I had NEVERShow MoreRelatedPersonal Narrative: A Visit to Universal Studios and Disney in Orlando540 Words   |  2 Pagesanyone felt as I did – about this madness, I wanted to find those who reject it all. I knew they were there - somewhere. That night I found nothing. The next day we drove along, boulevards lined with motels, peep shows and strip bars. We visited Universal Studious and Walt Disney. I wondered if these places were the centre, the final mental solution of the American Dream. If this is where it took its inspiration and ideology from and then siphoned it and injected it with mirror images of people whoRead MoreAll that H eaven Allows by Douglas Sirk920 Words   |  4 Pagesgenre came to age and there is no better example than Douglas Sirk’s All that Heaven Allows. The melodrama followed some basic characteristics which can be identified in the film. First and foremost the narrative of the melodrama focused on the family. All that Heaven Allows follows the narrative of the typical melodrama but at the same time also challenges the social conventions. While Sirk follows many of the key themes he does so in a more detached fashion. The protagonist Cary is bound to herRead MoreThe Decline of Classical Hollywood Films888 Words   |  4 Pagestelevision popularity and accessibility and the taste and interests of viewers which in turn ended the monopoly of Hollywood Studios. To combat this Hollywood Studios turned it’s back on the origins of its creation and headed in a new direction. An era of film-school educated, liberal filmmakers began in Hollywood where the directors of the films bega n to express their personal view and creative insights. These directors and new age film-makers were heavily influence by the work of the Italian Neo RealismRead MoreExperimental Cinem The Experimental Film Movement1453 Words   |  6 Pagesfor most people, some filmmakers wanted to break this tradition and expand filmmaking into a completely different way. Instead of making the same old narrative films, like classical Hollywood, they want to make more abstract and complex films, they wanted to make films as more of an art-form. Instead of relying on actors and writes to tell a narrative story, these filmmakers wanted to change things up and make films that went against the norms of the Hollywood cinema. They wanted to experiment withRead MoreMy First Time on a Plane - Personal Narrative606 Words   |  3 Pages My First Time on a Plane - Personal Narrative When I was seven years old I went on my very first holiday abroad, to America. I can remember waking up at Five oclock in the morning to catch an early flight from Heathrow airport. I was so excited I forgot about the daunting effort of getting up so early. My Mum, Dad, Brother, grandparents and I set off on the long journey to the airport, then Orlando Florida. I remember the white taxi van used to transport us to Read MoreThe Studio System Essay14396 Words   |  58 PagesThe Studio System Key point about the studio system could be: Despite being one of the biggest industries in the United States, indeed the World, the internal workings of the dream factory that is Hollywood is little understood outside the business. The Hollywood Studio System: A History is the first book to describe and analyse the complete development, classic operation, and reinvention of the global corporate entities which produce and distribute most ofRead MoreThe Literary History of the Philippines: a Timeline3372 Words   |  14 PagesLiterature my students would appreciate better the rich culture of the Filipino people. I am sure they would become proud of their identity as Filipinos. Philippine Literature in English has done great things into the lives of the people. Knowing others personal experiences make me understand that literature is truly based on significant human experiences. But what is the point? The point is that Philippine Literature in English has been developing based on the literary masterpieces of Filipino writersRead More Criteria for Evaluating Media Violence Essay1530 Words   |  7 PagesNo Universal Criteria for Evaluating Media Violence      Ã‚  Ã‚   In a famous speech in 1995, Bob Dole, in an effort to gain more conservative support for his impending Republican Presidential Nomination, unleashed a damning indictment of the movie industry, seemingly unprovoked and somewhat puzzling. (Lacayo) Doles speech and especially the rebuttals to it raise many questions central to the debate over violence in film: is violence destructive to impressionable viewers, is violence critical to theRead MoreInfluences of the Romantic Period1575 Words   |  7 PagesInfluences on the Romantic Period Romanticism spawned in the late 18th century and flourished in the early and mid-19th century. Romanticism emphasized the irrational, the imaginative, the personal, the spontaneous, the emotional, the visionary, the transcendental, and the individual. Romanticism is often viewed as a rejection of the ideologies of Classicism and Neoclassicisms, namely calm, order, harmony, idealization, rationality and balance. Some characteristics of Romanticism include: emotionRead MoreHow Did Walt Disney Create Mickey Mouse2914 Words   |  12 Pagesout of high school at the age of sixteen to join the army, Disney was rejected for being underage. Walt a temporary job through a bank colleague at the Pesmen-Rubin Art Studio where he created advertisements for newspapers, magazines, and movie theaters. At Pesmen-Rubin he met cartoonist Ubbe Iwerks and when their time at the studio expired, they decided to start their own commercial company together. (Gates, 3). Glogovac - 3 Oswald the Lucky Rabbit was Disney’s first original character. The new

The Impact of Popular Culture in Our Lives Free Essays

As the number of users, young or old people round the world grows; It Is Important to know the causes that have made Faceable so phenomenon In our lives. Among the various ways by which FEB.. We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of Popular Culture in Our Lives or any similar topic only for you Order Now Has come to possess our lives, we are going to talk about relationship, business and online gaming. First, Faceable Is so popular because It Is an excellent way to establish friendship and create a friends’ circle around the world. It is not only used to create relationship, but it allows people or friends to stay in communication. With its features like instant online chat and now Video calling, Faceable makes friendship more interesting at no cost all. In addition to its great benefit, Faceable is a platform where we can create, personalize and manage our own profile. FEB.. Has improved the way society communicate by dismantling the barrier and creating an environment of openness (Fletcher Dan and Andrea Ford, 1). We can share any event of our life by posting pictures, comments, and video. Faceable also gives us the chance to react to the post of friends by commenting the posted event. As a social website, it is a best way to retrieve old friends seen longtime ago. FEB.. Is a space which allows us to keep in touch with our friends and family members no matter the distance (Breed Conrad, www. Dedication. Ca). For example a family member travels to another place where it is difficult to coordinate the difference of time, therefore, it is hard to have phone conversation or text. Nowadays Faceable gives us the chance to stay in touch. With the development of internet, electronics devices like smartness and tablets, we can share and report our feelings, our life’s event at any time and from any part of the world. Another way Faceable boosts relationship is for example when students create a group for studying purpose. Through this link, students can stay connected ND share any information on their project, home works, weekly assignments, exams and due date. Next, FEB.. Is not only used to create relationship, but people can also use It to do business. Business may enjoy Faceable for many reasons . Small or big business can lower marketing expenses by using FEB.. Pages and also allow people to upload pictures, video and leave comments from business. This may be a powerful way to communicate with customers, Glenn the chance to see the product or service expectations without having to vaults the office. Also the function â€Å"share or tag† can be used to promote business around the world (N. P. , www. Business. SLD. Gob. AU/ page, and then invite friends or existent customers to share or tag it. Each shared image will appear on a Faceable members’ pages where their friends can see it too. By the end of posting day, the image or picture can be seen five hundred to thousand times. Faceable is a base of customers of more than one thousand millions around the world. Business activities which were extremely expensive prior Faceable, can be used on Faceable for free or at least for a small contribution. Faceable page is a space where any business can publicize their name, address and contact details, and rotary their products and services. Business organizations can present their staff, history, or any other aspect of their activities that can attract other Faceable users and create interest (N. P. , www. Business. SLD. Gob/business). Finally, Faceable is becoming one of the most enamored platform for online gaming. It is an amazing website that provides an exciting and stimulating platform of online free games for its members 24 hours a day. Play online games with friends, share scores and sometimes give points to rescue them is one of the interesting thing that Faceable offers to its members. Nowadays, Feb.. Online gaming has surprisingly exploded. The number of players grows at the same rate as the Faceable users’ number. Some people only login in Faceable to play games and spend times. The users who play games monthly on faceable. Com are up to 250 million (Breed Conrad, www. Dedication. Ca). The success of Faceable game application makes games developers to link their product to Faceable. To emphasize online social interactions with others players, Faceable tends to focus games (Breed Conrad, maw. ‘. Addiction. Ca). Among Faceable games, some games like Yoga’s Diamond Dash, Pet Saga Rescue, Zingy, city Vile are most attractive. For example in â€Å"October 2013, members were directed to Diamond Dash app over 19 million times† (Mike Thompson, www insignificance. Mom). In conclusion, Faceable is a mean used by any type of people from anywhere in the world. Feb.. Gives us a chance to do many interesting things like creating relationship, doing business and having fun by playing games as well. Even if FEB.. Has dismantled any culture barriers, it is important to underline that Faceable has possessed our lives. Today, many people cannot spend an ent ire day without logging in FEB.. . The question is how to use Faceable without making us dumber or addicts. Brent Conrad. â€Å"Why is Faceable so Addictive? How to cite The Impact of Popular Culture in Our Lives, Papers

Issues And Trends In Communication Industry-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Issues And Trends In Communication Industry? Answer: Introducation The advent of the Internet has disrupted the old business model for newspapers. Digitalisation, convergence and audience fragmentation, fuelled by the World Wide Web, have changed the media ecosystem and challenged established journalistic practices. As a result, traditional newspapers are experimenting with ways to keep journalism alive despite the digital evolution. Conduct research* on ONE (1) English-language online newspaper from Singapore or overseas to determine how successfully it has reinvented itself to meet the challenge posed by the digital revolution. In your research project, you must: Analyse the changing trends in the news industry, and evaluate the opportunities for and challenges faced by the news industry. (20 marks Propose a research question and select an appropriate research method to determine how successfully the online newspaper had reinvented itself to meet the challenge posed by the digital evolution. Appraise the suitability of the research method used and examine the research findings. (40 marks) Use the market model or the public sphere model, or both, to evaluate the way the online newspaper in (b) serves its audience. Prepare an action plan to recommend changes the online newspaper should make in order to reach its audience more effectively in the digital age. (40 marks) Communication Industry is a booming industry. People these days, with the advent of internet and smartphones, mostly go through online news reporting. Journalism has evolved and printing machines have become better and bigger. With the evolving technology, digital news also continues to evolve. Some of the technologies being virtual reality, automated reporting to social media experiments etc. which have only helped widen the coverage of news. About 4/10 US citizens refer to online news only (Cho, Keum Shah, 2015). An interesting and important trend in the world of online newspapers. Smart phones are becoming the preferred device instead of television sets. From 54% in 2013 the mobile news readers base had gone up to 72% in 2017. When talking about content, long form contents which are 1000 words or more attract more engaged time than short form news items. The number of readers is about the same though. Social media platforms with their uniqueness have also become a channel to read news about happenings around the globe. Pews Research has shown that that about 2/3rds of Facebook users read their news on Facebook which is about 44% in the US alone (Anderson, 2013). Online journalism has also evolved in the sense that people read their news while doing other activities online but do not leave the chance to dig deep and seek the news out. While some users may be divided on accepting the news on social media as genuine, it still is accountable for 4% of web users who trust the news a lot and about 34% say they trust it to some extent (Paulussen Harder, 2014). Earlier on, media houses produced the news and controlled its distribution channels. Nowadays platform organizations, Governments are exactly in between the readers and the reporters (Fico et al., 2013). Editors cant control their own work which circulates on various platforms. Journalists have pressure to be at the right spot at right time-be where the people are and yet what is happening to their readers is unknown to them. News reporting has evolved a lot over years. In the beginning, when people felt the need to share relevant information, they used to rely on pigeons, owls, messengers, royal drum beaters etc. With the inception of newspapers, news reporting took the form of story telling combined with critical views and inputs substantiated with proof of data. The tabloid form of news reporting followed the inverted pyramid style with priority top position provided to important news and not so important ones towards the bottom. This usually got chopped off in editing stage on basis of availability of space. Then, there is hourglass style. It enjoys the benefits of both narrative and inverted pyramid style of reporting (Craig, 2013). There is intense competition among different media conglomerates these days, the race to present the news first to an audience often even compels them to present news in a lucid manner but without manufactured views. Another reporting style David Murphy's Level-1, Level- 2, and Level-3 is well practiced these days. The research shall analyze content from 2 well-known media housesCNN International and Al-Jazeera website. The content considered for analysis is from both the websites covering Middle-East conflicts. The news article covered was recapturing Raqqa from ISIS. Below is the analysis: Al-Jazeera CNN Linguistic aspect: Headline Lead Body Words accompanying visuals (if any) Headline looked to the point and was self-explanatory. The headline gave an impression that Al Jazeera was concentrating on current turmoil. The news articles were as per quote by a rights group Amnesty International. There was no mention of leads for the story except the source at the very end of the article. The news article seemed detailed and to the point. It talked about instances at various locations which were making things difficult for Syrian army to evacuate survivors The website supplied readers with a proper map showing current ISIS strongholds which make it easier to understand the position in less time. Thereafter there were 3 other pictures showing the plight of people from Raqqa. A video had been also posted on the same page for the viewers to see and decide for themselves. The word count was about 1000 words. (Gerhards Schafer, 2014.) The Headline was easy to understand. It gave out a feeling that CNN was focusing on ordeals of survivors in Raqqa since the time offensive had begun. The news article was as per quote by Amnesty International. There was mention of their two reporters who had written the report The news article was not properly detailed on current processes being carried out for proper evacuation. There were many quotes and sources from where they had taken information. Overall the article looked a half attempt CNN article had a video that started playing by itself. It showed their two correspondents accompanying soldiers to outskirts of Raqqa with background gunshot audible. There was another video of one of the survivors and her plight with a child in tow. It was informative but did not do much justice to the cause of the article. The word count was less than 300 words. (Hellmueller Li, 2015) Structure of news story The structure of the story was that on an inverted pyramid. The structure of the story was inverted pyramid. Visuals (if any) Yes, ample pictures and videos to support the story. Location of news story Location is Raqqa city of Syria Raqqa city of Syria. News story broadcasted on a TV channel, i.e. Al-Jazeera English and CNN. Yes. Yes. For the purpose of the research, the question considered is -- what design is the best design for an online newspaper to gain maximum viewership? When we talk of online newspapers, it is important to note that a proper online newspaper got published only in 1994 post which there was an explosion of the same. Though earlier, publishers used to dilly and dally electronic dissemination of graphics and related texts, in 1994, Palo Alto Weekly was published. An important process of online newspapers is the constant struggle of publishers/editors on what best web technology to use to establish their online newspaper as popular as printed ones. To report the apparent requirement of information, genre theory has been used in the research (McGrath, 2015). Specifically, to develop empirical design base recommendation for an online newspaper. Genres keep on changing with time. They could be characterized by content, positioning, form etc. The genre rules for online newspapers are decided by publisher and audience unanimously reflected by consumption patterns. Genre awareness is actually a notion of how publishers and audience together re duce web complexity (Kopytowska, 2015). If a new site with the similar intention of that of an existing one is brought into existence, usually the characteristics are kept same and presentation is more or less suited. It is of extreme importance that users expectations are met. Earlier researches conducted on newspaper designs to be published online relied heavily on experimental designs and mostly on surveys. Research on design mostly entails information location, features of content, interactive functions etc. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the same, a qualitative research was conducted. To get data, web page analysis, based on content, form, positioning, and functionality was done. This was also to study design change genres. The study brought out various genre rules evolved post analysis of the purpose of the design of the publisher, audience recognition and value add using interview techniques as well as usability tests. To get a proper understanding of online newspaper designs, a qualitative study was done. Interviews were conducted with the editor in chiefs of nine Swedish newspapers, management and designers as well. About 153 users were also tested as part of the usability test. This was so that important information such as genre rules based on design purpose set by publishers and recognition as well as the use of audiences (Lewis, Holton Coddington, 2014). The research also covered front pages of nine Swedish online papers from 2015-2016. First from 2015 and then again in 2016. This gave an indication towards info such as genre characteristics and design changes in the genre. The first analysis was more to collect ideas and interpret respondent statements and the later one in 2016, to check on the features which sold most and gained further importance. Typically, the three reasons to approach the publishers, customers and online newspapers(Swedish) was primarily to gain knowledge on the design and usability of online newspaper publications. a. Swedish population is the 4th largest newspaper reading nation in the world and have 4th largest newspaper consumption in the world. b. Sweden has almost all its publications online versions and c. research showed that it was the fourth popular activity online which people did. Analysis started with web page analysis of the first page of all 9 online newspapers after gaining agreement from publishers of 9 Swedish newspapers. This provided access to even the customers. This helped a lot in preparing a sample of 153 users across Sweden. Post analysis of the first page, interviews were conducted with publishers. This was more to understand the logic they used in designing the page. Semi-formal structured interviews conducted with some management members, editor in chiefs and page designers was also conducted. These types of the audience were selected as there was the need to collect data which only they could shed light on mostly on d esigning and creating a design page. The interviews were recorded and later transcribed as well (von Krogh Andersson, 2016). This showed an immense trend. To conduct the usability test, newspapers were asked to float the survey on their URL itself which the audience had the option to fill and submit. Selection of answers was categorized into age, education, gender and internet usage. The sample size ultimately came down to 153. The interviews/usability test centered around customers interaction with the online newspaper, their level of interaction. The sessions usually started with a standard usability test adopting the think-aloud technique for approximately 15 minutes where the audience would analyze their own interaction level with the online paper. The interview followed a structured guide to get the answers for same questions from all respondents across Sweden. Sections from interview guide were created to match the collection of elements from the page itself. Respondents were in front of their own computers. This was so that they could show how they did certain tasks on the website and so that they could relate to the activity itself. Almost 53 interview questions which had been grouped into 5 different categories were used; (1) Steering and construction, (2) Reading favorites, (3) Layout, (4) Trademark and dependability and (5) Others. For the sake of research data collected was from 1st 3 categories only and every interview lasted for about 40 minutes. The analysis was replicated with what was done above for publishers. The results were: Content Elements There were a lot of navigation errors which customers put up like for navigating they needed to go back to home page and click on other articles always (Karlsson, Clerwall Ornebring, 2015). This was rectified, navigation was made clearer and user-friendly (Vu, 2014). Categories of news items are rather much detailed now to cater to specific choices of varied interests of customers instead of generalizing it under concise categories. More and better visual aids in form of pictures and even videos are provided. Design purpose Earlier, the purpose of the design was mostly to replicate the printed editions. Respondents said that there were never more than two clicks on a page. This was why they had to go back to the main page to browse. This changed in later editions where customers had options to go to other materials using drop down options. Audience usability review Most of the news websites were not user-friendly. Some which excelled had a good layout and customers responded that they had a good overview reading captions under different categories however for other pages it was unclear. There was a search and navigation bar right at the bottom of the page which made things difficult for them. c) When analyzing using the market model to see how the newspapers' online edition is serving the customers, it is seen that: these are private companies each presenting a product (Franklin, 2014) All audiences are consumers Present news that is popular Success is measured through popularity which helps milk profit (Ferrucci, 2015) all newspapers which are online are ultimately products, bundled with advertisements or items of interest All online newspaper agencies are answerable to stakeholders/owners (Waisbord, 2013) Recommendations which could be provided regarding the design are mostly around the same features which were taken for study, in terms of functionality/purpose, form, and layout. Certain recommendations which could be easily implemented so that the e-papers reached their audiences with better efficiency are: To use the front-page length to provide a layout of the website itself as most audiences pointed out that they returned to the home page to restart navigating to other articles. Many users usually relied on their experience of going through the printed paper while going through the front page of the online paper. Publishers do keep it longer as scrolling down gives an impression of the experience of going through an actual paper. That is also the reason why publishers also relied on the categories from printed editions when zeroing in on design-another relevance for opting for broadsheet allegory for selecting layouts A broadsheet metaphor to be used In terms of categories and divisions, the online e-paper resembled the printed versions. Even the readers loved referring to the online version of the newspaper. On an average, the general opinion is always that the online version is different than the printed version. Producers are almost always in a fix when presenting new services, unlike audiences who have no issues. It is hereby recommended to opt for broadsheet metaphor for layouts for the sake of familiarity Providing alternate options to navigate on site Since both, the publishers are audiences suffered due to this same reason, additional efforts need to be made to improve navigation on site. Good content is also characterized by proper navigation, the length of the front page needs to be utilized Ads could be made a part of the navigation banners itself To gain maximum effect advertisements are always either on top or right of the page. The navigation banner serves the purpose of navigation and nothing else. Recent news should be positioned on top recent news if placed on top shall provide audiences with an update and it would be also easier to pick for reading (Sjovaag, 2016) Providing time stamps for recent new articles by providing time stamps, again it would indicate that the news is recent and customers would be drawn to it A single search facility for finding archived and current articles Some people are not even aware of such a button but there are few audience members who use the search facility and the remaining find it problematic. Confusion around this was this that certain newspapers did not place the current articles under archive till the next day. The search mostly yielded no results in case the new belonged to the same day. If mostly, newspapers followed the policy of keeping even current articles under archive then a lot of confusion could be avoided. Also, it must be placed in a position where it could be seen easily Post adoption of a genre perspective on the design aspect of online newspapers, a set of design recommendations could be arrived at. This sort of perspective on design exposed the consumers outlooks of the genre. It also facilitated the designers of online newspapers to work upon the awareness of genre by refining its characteristics. The outcomes should be essentially viewed as a phase in the development of the online newspapers stages to becoming popular and familiar to customers. As part of the research, the usability test and the interviews that were conducted revealed a lot about the features of the sites which were being used but meant for a separate purpose. Example the headers, navigation items etc. The research helped reveal the features which were problematic as per audience and exactly the problem with it. Example search bar, also the fact that the search bar did not yield current news under archive. The rules of the genre hence were revealed were mostly drawn from expressions and/or engagements illuminating how publishers and audience, each relied on the same feature to fulfill their own purposes (Andersson Wadbring, 2015). For e.g. to give and get a familiar frame of reference. The analysis also revealed how the features were different from their previous versions. Since each of the sites differed in features, the research helped shed light on what audiences thought. This was analyzed considering their responses (Nilsson Wadbring, 2015). The process turned out to be beneficial. For case, the research revealed that the audiences of the online newspapers could easily differentiate the value of a particular news item by simply observing the headings, puffs etc. They also noticed that on a single page itself, there seemed to be many items of same ranked value. The 2015 analysis indicated towards the features which were crucial and later on, the same features had gained a lot of d ominance, for example positioning of recent news articles on top owing to factors such as, e.g. news appraisal. Research conducted later indicated that the position importance was directly proportional to the length of the front page. To rethink about taking a genre viewpoint of the design so as to, drive recommendations on design, succeed at making more of a universal guideline when designing sections of genres of online newspapers. Several studies have pointed out that user-friendly and language of users themselves should be used. Some of the recommendations provided above such as navigation pointers, broadsheet metaphor etc. to be used are the same concept. The limitation is that the recommendations only apply to the genre of online newspapers, hence; they have a narrow applicability. For further efficacy, more research could be conducted which could elaborate on proposed design commendations. This could be genre specific in collective collaboration with audiences and publishers. Such a study would also explicate the development story which could be genre based. Keeping the genre based perspectives stable, further designs could be developed over time so as to, present the articles in the best possible presentat ion format for audience consumption. References Anderson, C. W. (2013).Rebuilding the news: Metropolitan journalism in the digital age. Temple University. Waisbord, S. (2013).Reinventing professionalism: Journalism and news in global perspective. John Wiley Sons. Journals Craig, R. (2013).News writing and reporting: The complete guide for today's journalist. Oxford University Press. Cho, J., Keum, H., Shah, D. V. (2015). News consumers, opinion leaders, and citizen consumers: Moderators of the consumptionparticipation link.Journalism Mass Communication Quarterly,92(1), 161-178. Gerhards, J., Schfer, M. S. (2014). International terrorism, domestic coverage? How terrorist attacks are presented in the news of CNN, Al Jazeera, the BBC, and ARD.International Communication Gazette,76(1), 3-26. Hellmueller, L., Li, Y. (2015). Contest over content: A longitudinal study of the CNN iReport effect on the journalistic field.Journalism Practice,9(5), 617-633. Fico, F., Lacy, S., Wildman, S. S., Baldwin, T., Bergan, D., Zube, P. (2013). Citizen journalism sites as information substitutes and complements for United States newspaper coverage of local governments.Digital Journalism,1(1), 152-168 Paulussen, S., Harder, R. A. (2014). Social media references in newspapers: Facebook, Twitter and YouTube as sources in newspaper journalism.Journalism Practice,8(5), 542-551. Lewis, S. C., Holton, A. E., Coddington, M. (2014). Reciprocal journalism: A concept of mutual exchange between journalists and audiences.Journalism Practice,8(2), 229-241. Kopytowska, M. (2015). Covering conflict: between universality and cultural specificity in news discourse, genre and journalistic style.International Review of Pragmatics,7(2), 308-339. Franklin, B. (2014). The Future of Journalism: In an age of digital media and economic uncertainty. Andersson, U., Wadbring, I. (2015). Public interest or self-interest? How journalism attracts future journalists.Journal of Media Practice,16(2), 126-138. Ferrucci, P. (2015). Public journalism no more: The digitally native news nonprofit and public service journalism.Journalism,16(7), 904-919. Vu, H. T. (2014). The online audience as gatekeeper: The influence of reader metrics on news editorial selection.Journalism,15(8), 1094-1110. von Krogh, T., Andersson, U. (2016). Reading Patterns in Print and Online Newspapers: The case of the Swedish local morning paper VLT and online news site vlt. se.Digital Journalism,4(8), 1058-1072. Karlsson, M., Clerwall, C., rnebring, H. (2015). Hyperlinking practices in Swedish online news 20072013: the rise, fall, and stagnation of hyperlinking as a journalistic tool.Information, Communication Society,18(7), 847-863. Sjvaag, H. (2016). Introducing the Paywall: A case study of content changes in three online newspapers.Journalism Practice,10(3), 304-322. Nilsson, M., Wadbring, I. (2015). Not Good Enough.Journalism Practice, 1-18.

Goodner Brothers, Inc. free essay sample

Goodner Brothers set ambitious sales goals. In order to achieve these goals, they were known to undercut their competitor’s prices. In the text, it is pointed out that â€Å"To compensate for low gross profit margin, Goner scrimped on operating expenses, including expenditures on internal control measures. † Goodner Brothers should have not saved on internal control measures so they could have caught Woody stealing their inventory. Goodner Brother’s should have had more employees to have an appropriate check and balances strategy. The bookkeeper should have been the one entering invoices into the computer while having someone check her work to make sure no fraudulent activity took place. Having Woody enter inaccurate amounts of orders into the computer allowed him to steal the vast amounts of inventory. Also, Goodner Brothers should have had two executives approve the purchase of inventory from wholesalers. When Woody brought inventory from a fictitious outside wholesaler, Al should have had another executive sign off on the approval of the transaction. We will write a custom essay sample on Goodner Brothers, Inc. or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Then Al would not have had a conflict of interest with dealing with his friend Woody’s fraudulent activity. Finally, Goodner Brothers should have kept a closer eye on their inventory. They needed someone to watch over the inventory at all times. Perhaps Goodner should have had a guard who would only let deliverymen and sale reps enter the ware house if they had the proper invoices to do so. There were a lot of internal control weaknesses at Goodner Brothers. They should have had implemented proper internal control measures in order to prevent the fraud committed by Woody. Goodner Brothers lack of internal controls is an example of what auditors look for when they begin an audit of a company. In the article Revisiting Materiality, Gist and Shastri point out that an audit staff can reduce audit failures if they act with due care. In order to act in due care, the staff needs to maintain an attitude of professional skepticism at a heightened level. Professional skepticism requires auditors â€Å"need to be alert to patterns and situations of material misstatement due to error or fraud, remain alert to internal control weaknesses that increase the risk of fraudulent activities, and management bias that increases the risk of fraudulent financial reporting. Al’s lack of action caused Woody to steal a large amount of inventory. An audit staff would have been able to catch Woody in the act of theft if they acted with due care and used professional skepticism during the audit. 2. Goodner’s had no true internal controls set up at the regional offices * The owners trusted employees because of background checks. * Insufficient control consciousness within the organizat ion, for example, the tone at the top and the control environment. * Absent or inadequate segregation of duties within a significant account or process. Absent or inadequate controls over the safeguarding of assets (this applies to controls that the auditor determines would be necessary for effective internal control over financial reporting). * The absence of an internal process to report deficiencies in internal control to management on a timely basis. * Sales people were allowed to collect payments. * Sales people were allowed to deliver tires. 3. The best thing the Goodner’s could have done would be to set up controls separate duties. If Woody wouldn’t have been allowed to deliver products or collect the payments this never could have happened. Woody should have been able to issue the sale, but a delivery team should drop off the tires and the customer should have to send the payment in to the sales department or accounts receivable department. The second control policy would be to keep inventories more secure. Goodner’s should set up a position in the inventory department that all they do is allow for inventory to be put in the warehouse or released. Keeping track of all transactions that deal with inventory. If Goodner would have had better controls on their inventory, Woody never would have been able to go through the warehouse and pick and choose items that he could easily hide off the books. A third policy that Goodner should have set up is never allowing employees who deal with sales to do the year-end inventory check. Only auditors should be allowed to do the year-end inventory check. This weeks article â€Å"When the Boss Trumps Internal Controls†, perfectly goes along with what could be prevented if proper internal controls were inline and properly practiced. In the article the president clearly saw weaknesses in the accounting system and took advantage of everything she could. The exact same thing Woody did to the Goodner brothers. All of this could have been prevented if the internal controls were properly inforced. 4. A lot of people were partially responsible for Goodner Brothers, Inc. losses. First was the company’s management. The company provided very minimum security for its inventory. With just padlocks and no one to protect its inventory, everyone could access the warehouse and leave with tires without any records of that person being ever there. Also, it seems like the company did not practice job rotation. With just 10 to 12 employees for every sales outlet, the employees were founding themselves having multiples responsibilities in the same company. For example the sale manager was also the sale district. The people in charge of the sales were also the ones teaming up to hand-count the inventory. In addition, they were no internal control because the company relied on the honesty and integrity of their employees. The sales representatives were allowed to enter transactions directly into the system and access customers’ account and do all the modifications they wanted to do without any limit. Another person partially responsible for the situation was Al Hunt. As Woody’s friend, he should have asked him more seriously about how and where he was getting the tires, and when he realized that his friend was maybe involved in a fraudulent activity, he should have stopped buying tires from him and tried to talk him out of this situation. But instead, he pretended that there was nothing strange happening and just kept buying from him. Finally, Felix Garcia the sales manager for the Huntington Sales Office is also responsible for the losses of the company. As the sale manager, he never contacted any customers about their complaints and just let subordinates deal with those issues. When in 1996, the inventory shrinkage represented 2. 1 percent of the inventory, he did not think it was excessive and did nothing to understand this shrinkage. He believed that his only job was to sell tires and that was it so he never investigated any strange situation happening in the company.

Cultural Assimilation, Acceptance and Identity in Julia Alvarezs Poetry

Cultural Assimilation, Acceptance and Identity in Julia Alvarezs Poetry Cultural assimilation, acceptance and the search for identity are dominant themes in many of Julia Alvarez’s poems. Being an immigrant from the Dominican Republic, Julia faced several assimilation problems when her family moved to the United States.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural Assimilation, Acceptance and Identity in Julia Alvarez’s Poetry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a result of this, Alvarez had trouble adapting to a new culture, climate and people, and faced difficulty in coping with issues such as cultural differences and lack of acceptance. However, she gave vent to her feelings using poetry as a medium. Her poems reflect her experience and sensitivity for new immigrant families which face similar difficulties. Alvarez’s poems ‘Queens 1963’, ‘Dusting’, and ‘First Muse’ express her knowledge of cultural assimilation, acceptance and th e search for identity by immigrant families. In the poem ‘Queens, 1963’ Julia Alvarez recalls her experience of moving to the United States from another land. She recollects the time when she and her family had moved in and â€Å"everyone seemed more American† than them (Alvarez, Queens, 1). Alvarez uses specific words to vividly describe her multiculturally diverse neighborhood where people from different communities coexisted including the ‘Castelluccis’, the ‘Balakians’ ‘Mr. Scott’ and his â€Å"plump Midwestern wife†, the ‘Jewish counselor’, and the ‘German’ family. However, the arrival of â€Å"a black family† (Alvarez, Queens, 8) had suddenly caused the place to become inhospitable and unfriendly towards these new immigrants. This prejudiced attitude shocked Alvarez who recollects how each of these families had once ought a hard battle for acceptance and assimilation into the Ame rican soil. These families were now practicing the same intolerance which they had faced when they had arrived. Alvarez states that the seclusion of the African American family by her neighborhood was another desperate attempt to be like the American society, which does not welcome new immigrants. Alvarez points to the hypocritical attitude of the neighborhood woman Mrs. Bernstein, who conceded that â€Å"it was time the neighborhood opened up† as â€Å"she remembered the snubbing she got a few years back from Mrs. Scott† (Alvarez, Queens, 36-40), but worried that the real estate prices would plummet with the arrival of the African American family. Another couple, the Scotts, considered â€Å"moving back home where white and black got along by staying where they belonged† (Alvarez, Queens, 23-24). Racial intolerance is seen at its peak when â€Å"Mrs. Scott swept her walk as if it had just been dirtied† after the family had walked by.Advertising L ooking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Here the word ‘dirtied’ is used figuratively. Here the word ‘dirty’ is used as a connotation implying that the presence of the immigrant family is unhealthy and unclean. Alvarez is hurt and dismayed not only by the attitude of the neighborhood community who treat the new family like a stigma, but the American society at large which is hostile to the African American family, after whose arrival she notices cop cars patrolling their block due to â€Å"rumors of bomb threats† (Alvarez, Queens, 12). Alvarez sympathizes deeply for the new African American family which reminds her of her own struggles to be assimilated and accepted by the American society. She wishes to be kind to the girl from the family but sadly is unable to do so. Before she could make â€Å"a welcoming gesture† her â€Å"hand lifted but fell† (Alvarez, Queens, 54-55). This gesture of the hand provides vivid imagery, literally creating an image in the reader’s mind. The girl from the new family reminded Alvarez of her own plight when she had moved to the United States and had not yet been accepted completely by the community. Alvarez immediately identified with this â€Å"look† which was â€Å"hardness mixed with hurt† due to the knowledge that â€Å"she could never be the right kind of an American† (Alvarez, Queens, 59-61). The poem ends with a tone of melancholy bringing out the sad plight of discrimination and prejudices prevalent in American society by those who were once new immigrants of this â€Å"free country† (Alvarez, Queens, 74). Julia Alvarez’s poem ‘Dusting’ is a short, symbolic and meaningful poem which also revolves around the theme of cultural assimilation, a longing strongly held by immigrants to a new place. The image ‘dusting’ has bee n symbolically used as an act of cleansing ones previous cultural traits in order to be accepted into the larger society. The poem talks about Alvarez’s strong persistent desire for forming her own identity, which she expressed â€Å"each morning† by writing her name â€Å"on the dusty cabinet† (Alvarez, Dusting, 1-2). She would imprint her name in capital letters on the house furniture including the dining table and the backs of chairs, while her mother wiped it all away, removing any traces of dust and marks left behind by her. Alvarez’s mother’s ‘dusting’ activity has been used as a metaphor to depict the desire to assimilate into and be accepted by the American society at large. Alvarez’s continual act of writing her initials in capital letters on the dusty furniture is symbolic of the struggles of the younger generation trying to create their own identities in a foreign land.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural Assimilation, Acceptance and Identity in Julia Alvarez’s Poetry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More While Alvarez’s mother dusts the house to maintain cleanliness in her home, Alvarez struggles hard to imprint her initials. Both Alvarez and her mother are persistent in their efforts; the mother tirelessly engages in the activity to ensure that her home is clean while Alvarez ceaselessly puts her signature on every piece of furniture, knowing fully well that her mother is going to wipe it all away without a trace. Alvarez leaves her signature â€Å"in capitals† on every piece of furniture in the house. She states that â€Å"the bookshelf and rocker, polished mirrors on the desk† are all â€Å"scribbled with my alphabets† (Alvarez, Dusting, 11-12). These objects create vivid imagery in the reader’s mind. The desire for creating a mark and search for self is so strong in Alvarez that she refuses to give up. Her strong grit and determination are visible in her undying refusal to quit as she continues to leave her signature wherever possible in the house. Alvarez is undeterred with her mother’s ‘dusting’ efforts due to which her â€Å"name is swallowed in the towel† that is used to clean and shine all the house furniture. Alvarez refuses â€Å"be like her, anonymous† mother who lives a silent life of non-identity. She defiantly tries her best and does not give up her efforts. While her mother accepts a life of conformity within the home, Alvarez is not willing to do so. She does not wish to settle for a life where women are confined to the household and engage in domestic tasks. She is unwilling to conform to the â€Å"anonymous† domesticated life in which women have no identity. Her act of scribbling her initials all through the house furniture mark her struggle for creating her identity and finding her place in a culture whi ch restricts women to the confines of a home. In her poem ‘First Muse’ Julia Alvarez once again defies the cultural and literary norms of society by failing to abide by its fixed rules. Alvarez recalls a childhood incident when she had heard a â€Å"famous poet pronounce† that â€Å"one can only write poems in the tongue in which one first said mother† (Alvarez, First Muse, 1-3), which had caused her to completely give up writing. She was devastated and hoped that perhaps she had been exposed to the English language in childhood when her mother may have â€Å"left the radio on† beside her crib â€Å"tuned to the BBC or Voice of America† (Alvarez, First Muse, 11-12). Alvarez was shattered by the thought of not being a native English speaker since she was deeply involved with writing English texts, something she loved. The idea of non-acceptance and non-recognition was so devastating to to her that she â€Å"suffered from a bad writer’s -block† (Alvarez, First Muse, 17), â€Å"gave up writing† and â€Å"watched lots of TV† (Alvarez, First Muse, 21). She lost her confidence and thought that since Spanish was her native language, she was not eligible to use English anymore.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, once again her strong indomitable will surfaced when she saw Chiquita Banana on television. Chiquita had a â€Å"sassy, olive-skinned† and â€Å"lilting accent so full of feeling it seemed the way the heart would speak English if it could speak† (Alvarez, First Muse, 24-28). This brought back Alvarez’s lost confidence and she decided that she will continue to write in English. Alvarez proudly claimed â€Å"I am Chiquita Banana and I’m here to say† accepting her differences yet asserting her will and determination to create her identity in a culture which she was not born in (Alvarez, First Muse, 29-30). It seems that Chiquita Banana indeed became Alvarez’s â€Å"new muse† since it gave her the confidence and will to create her own individual space in a foreign culture. Once again, Alvarez had broken the shackles of conformist society creating her own identity in a world where she was not born. She defied the norms of culture and decided to reject the restrictions imposed by society. The themes of acceptance, identity and assimilation resonate in all the three poems ‘Queen, 1963’, ‘Dusting’ and ‘First Muse’ by Julia Alvarez. In ‘Queens, 1963’ Alvarez points how immigrants go through immense suffering and challenges in a new culture and society. She expresses her shock at the attitude of her neighbors in their failure to accept a new immigrant family. In the poem ‘Dusting’, Alvarez distinguishes the struggles between the old and new generation as they struggle for acceptance in a new culture. She does not wish to be like her mother and spend her life in anonymity simply for the sake of being accepted in society; rather she ceaselessly demonstrated her iron will to break free from the shackles of societal norms and desires to create her own identity. Finally, in ‘First Muse’ Alvarez’s struggle and search for her individual ity end. Rather than losing her identity, she accepts it and creates a unique place for herself by deciding to continue writing English texts even though her mother tongue was Spanish. All the three poems reflect Alvarez’s struggle and strong character to create her own personality without denying her cultural roots. Alvarez, Julia. Queens, 1963. The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. Ed. Michael Meyer. 9th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2012. Print. Alvarez, Julia. Dusting. The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. Ed. Michael Meyer. 9th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2012. Print. Alvarez, Julia. First Muse. The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. Ed. Michael Meyer. 9th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2012. Print.

Personal statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Personal Statement Example Additionally, I had undertaken courses on ‘Introduction to International Relations and Academic Writing’ from Harvard University. My journey as a professor started from Moscow State Institute of International Relations where the classes conducted by me were on ‘Political Analysis and Statistics’ for the second year students. Shortly after that I connected myself with Lomonosov Moscow State University where I had my classes with third year students regarding the subject ‘World Politics and International Relations’. Presently I am assigned with Paper Planes a Kontakt Expert Consulting Company with the designation of New Media & Digital Consultant handling responsibilities on managing social media projects of Paul Hartmann and CRM from the month of May, 2010. During the year of 2006, I had a handful of publications among which some are, â€Å"To a Problem of an Ethnic Group Role in International Conflicts† in Networking Scientific Magazine â€Å"Analyst†, Moscow, 2006; â€Å"To the Problem of Subjectivity in International Conflicts† with International Scientific Conference for undergraduate and postgraduate students, and â€Å"Lomonosov-2007†. â€Å"The Transformation of the Concept about the State Sovereignty Nature in the 20th and 21st Centuries† from Lomonosov Moscow State University along with the â€Å"State Sovereignty Transformation and Some Transition Problems of Statehood in Terms of Information-oriented Society† is some of the other publications. During my entire career, I had been engaged with various extracurricular activities as a head of Research Group on Political Analysis in the framework of Youth Branch of Russian Association of Political Science, a head of Working Group on External Communications in Student Council of the Department of Political Science at Lomonosov MSU. Apart from these, I became a part of

Planning and Time Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Planning and Time Management - Case Study Example The main idea of this research paper is to discuss the points of effective management. Management is the process of planning, organising, leading and controlling all phases of business operation in order to achieve the objectives of that organisation. Effective management invariably results in business success, while ineffective management often results in business failure. Using the POLC Model of Management, the key components namely planning, organizing, leading and controlling involves the use of different skills. (Burns, 1978) Carl Robbins was assigned to arrange and prepare the orientation for the new hires. In the context of the case, Robbins is the manager for the task. Planning is an intellectually demanding process, because it requires deliberate courses of action where decisions are based on purpose, knowledge and considerable degree of estimates. Planning minimizes costs. Its emphasis is on efficient and effective operations and consistency of procedures and methods. (Burns, 1978) Organizing includes the skills of self- managing and team work thus time is considered as an essential factor. The word organization refers to the structure or a network of relationships among individuals interacting with one another. Organizing as a tool is an end in itself but a means of achieving the objectives of the organization. Organizing is basically grouping of activities and defining the roles of the participants with appropriate authority and proper coordination in the organizational structure. (Morgenstern, 1998). Organizing, in its essence, relates to the identification and classification of required activities, the grouping of activities necessary to attain objectives, the assignment of each grouping to a manager without the authority necessary to direct and supervise it, and the provision for coordination horizontally and vertically in the organizational structure. Leading needs the use of people skills, complex problem solving, and ethical and high personal standards. Leadership is the art or process of influencing people so that they will strive willingly and enthusiastically toward the achievement of group goals. It does not mean only willingness to work but also willingness to work with zeal and confidence. Leadership is the influential increment over and above mechanical compliance with the routing directives of the organization. This means that an organizational role may encompass different objectives, but become non-personal so that in order to become effective, a personal touch must be in it. (Burns, 1978) Managerial leadership is the process of directing and influencing task-related activities of group members. Leadership involves the most vital resources of the organization- the people. Power distribution between leaders and group members is

Applying the knowledge and understandings demonstrated in Feminisim Essay

Applying the knowledge and understandings demonstrated in Feminisim and postmoderinisim in a specidic research area - Essay Example If truth were told, more people in the United States now days work for companies owned and led by women than for the five hundred prime public companies. However, there still lies so much tension between men and women at work. Controversy rises on the difference issue that if men and women in actual fact lead in like chalk and cheese ways or on the difference in their view and making use of authority or on the difference in amount and type of sacrifices made by high-achieving men and women for the growth and prosperity of the company and themselves too. It is quite true that there exist dissimilarities between men and women in management style, though not in skills but only in approach. Million years of history at the office or in the living room cannot be ignored at all. The sidesplitting Broadway show by the Caveman has summed up the dissimilarity quite well that Men hunt while women gather. That is the reason why in the present day, discrimination are rising between men and women not only on place of work but also in every aspect of life. (Manning, 279) Womens short of advancement in moving up the corporate ladder is over and over again associated with a various types of job related separation in which lady managers of a company are downgraded to the entry level and some middle management positions, although are effectively barred from getting hold of higher paying positions within the company. The observable fact has been popularly written off as the "glass ceiling", which implies the lady managers despite the fact that remaining adequately close to see the next level, but are not permitted to reach it. Other popular subjects, such as the "mommy track" may as well be taken for consideration as another form of occupational or "job" prejudice. In both the cases, the company treats male and female workers in a

Applying Cue Utilization Theory

Applying Cue Utilization Theory Evaluating Website Quality: Applying Cue Utilization Theory to WebQual Abstract   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cue Utilization Theory is applied to examine the relative importance of each of the WebQual dimensions (Informational Fit-to-Task, Tailored Information, Trust, Response Time, Ease of Understanding, Intuitive Operations, Visual Appeal, Innovativeness, Emotional Appeal, Consistent Image, On-line Completeness, and Relative Advantage) in determining consumers evaluation of website quality. Two studies have been designed for this task. Study 1 qualifies how subjects rate the predictive value (PV) and confidence value (CV) of each dimension. An analysis of these results provides an ability to fit the WebQual dimensions to a 22 model showing the relative magnitude that each dimension has on consumers evaluation of website quality. Study 2 is designed to test the viability of the model via a set of proposed hypotheses. The results from this research will contribute to the field by providing a model that developers can utilize to focus on those characteristics most determi nistic of overall website quality. 1. Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the last ten years, online shopping has become a prevalent part of the average consumers shopping experience. The consumer now has the ability to purchase virtually anything online; ranging from small-ticket items such as a rubber-band ball to bigticket items like vacation homes. With this increase in the online consumers purchasing power and propensity to purchase online, retailers have become increasingly willing to develop their e-commerce presence. Moreover, this explosion of Internet activity has prompted businesses to demand that website developers understand the qualities of a website that serve to facilitate the shopping experience for e-commerce consumers. At the same time, this growth of e-commerce has provided a virtual plethora of new options for crimes of opportunity such as identity theft. The online shopper has to worry not only about finding the perfect product, but they also have to evaluate the website to determine if they are willing to make a purchase from this site.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Valacich, Parboteeah and Wells [1] developed the Online Consumers Hierarchy of Needs to delineate the needs of the online consumer. Their model showed that certain fundamental needs exist that the online consumer must have met before they are willing to utilize a website. These fundamental needs are then further broken down into the specific website characteristic categories of Functional Convenience, Representational Delight and Structural Firmness. Functional Convenience is the category allowing the consumer to accomplish the task-athand easily and includes attributes, such as ease of ordering and tracking. Representational Delight is characterized by those dimensions that make the site visually appealing, such as graphics and sizing. Structural Firmness consists of fundamental qualities such as response time and security. Using this Hierarchy of Needs, a consumer interested in online banking would need to have their basic need for each of these characteristics met before they would be willing to use the website.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This Hierarchy of Needs model shows those characteristics that are necessary for a consumer to utilize a website, and further elaborates by showing which characteristics are most important depending on if the consumer is visiting the website for business, pleasure or a combination of the two [1]. Knowing these characteristics is important for development of the website, but also implies that the consumers level of confidence in evaluating these characteristics of a website is of particular importance to their overall assessment of a given websites quality. Traditional marketing literature suggests that when people make assessments of quality, they tend to use informational cues that are not only predictive, but also easy to assess. This is known as the Cue Utilization Theory [2], and has been paramount in evaluating consumers perceptions of product quality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This research project elaborates on consumers inability to evaluate all relevant cues during the online shopping experience. A model is developed using Cue Utilization Theory [2] and WebQual [3] to show the attributes of a website that are the most determinant of how a consumer will react to the website. This model will provide a deeper understanding of the evaluation of existing and proposed websites with respect to consumers confidence in evaluating the cues communicated by the website. 2. Cue Utilization Theory   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Richardson, Dick and Jain [2] employed Cue Utilization Theory in their research to determine how consumers viewed store brand quality vs. nationally branded merchandise. According to this theory, â€Å" products consist of an array of cues that serve as surrogate indicators of quality to shoppers† [2]. This theory purports that cues are evoked by the two separate dimensions of predictive and confidence values. The predictive value (PV) is â€Å" the degree to which consumers associate a given cue with product quality† [2]. Confidence value (CV) is â€Å" the degree to which consumers have confidence in their ability to use and judge that cue accurately† [2].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Further, based on relative differences in PV and CV, cues can be broken down into the distinct areas of extrinsic and intrinsic. The American Heritage dictionary describes intrinsic as, â€Å"Of or relating to the essential nature of a thing; inherent† [4] and extrinsic as, â€Å"not forming an essential or inherent part of a thing; extraneous.† [5] From this definition, an intrinsic attribute would be one that would fundamentally alter the focal object (e.g., product) if it was changed or absent and, per Cue Utilization Theory, would possess an inherently high degree of PV. Alternatively, an extrinsic attribute would be one that would not alter the fundamental nature of the focal object in its absence but might alter a consumers reaction or perceptions of the object. Per Cue Utilization theory, an extrinsic cue would typically have higher degrees of CV compared to PV.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For example, when looking at a video card on an e-commerce website it could be said that the product price is an example of an extrinsic attribute of the video card. While the video cards dimensions and material composition of the video card serve as intrinsic indicators. Further, you could postulate that the average consumer has a higher CV in their ability to judge the quality of the card based on the price rather than the material composition. Though the consumer knows that the dimensions and material composition of the card are important, they will tend to rely on price as an informational cue, as that is the cue that they feel the most comfortable evaluating.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When considering the quality of a website there are a myriad of dimensions that the consumer mustevaluate to determine if they intend to perform a transaction on this website. From the Valacich et al [1] article the consumers basic needs in terms of Structural Firmness, Functional Convenience and Representational Delight must all be met before the consumer will consider doing business. To determine if these needs are being met the consumer will evaluate the cues they perceive as being exhibited from the website. These cues can be further broken down into components by utilizing the WebQual model [3]. 3. WebQual   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  WebQual consists of 12 dimensions: Informational Fit-to-Task, Tailored Information, Trust, Response Time, Ease of Understanding, Intuitive Operations, Visual Appeal, Innovativeness, Emotional Appeal, Consistent Image, On-line Completeness, and Relative Advantage. Each of these dimensions is shown to have strong measurement validity in regards to the consumers evaluation of overall website quality [3].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Information fit-to-task is an amalgamation of information quality and functional fit-to-task [3]. In component form, information quality refers to the datas appropriateness for use or ability to meet the users needs [6]. Functional Fit-to-Task can be represented as the degree the technology assists the user at a given task [7]. Drawing these two components back together as a whole and relating them to cyberspace lends credence to the definition that information fit-to-task is assisting the user in their desired task by presenting relevant/appropriate information. Loiacono, Chen, and Goodhue [8] define this as â€Å"The information provided meets task needs and improves performance†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The ability for consumers to tailor the information displayed on a website to meet their needs is the basic form of Tailored Information. Tailored Information is further characterized by Ghose and Dou [9] as the interactivity of the website, and represents the consumers ability to modify information presented on the website. Recent research suggests that website interactivity will lead consumers to be more positive in their evaluation of websites [9]. This concept has also been operationalized as the ability to personalize information between the consumer and the website [8,10]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Trust, in relation to websites, is defined in an extremely simple form as consumers confidence that any information entered into the website will remain confidential and that said information will be transmitted and stored in a secure fashion [8]. Furthermore, trust is having faith that the information presented on the website is true and accurate [11,12]. Lack of Trust has been cited as one of the main hindrances to completion of e-commerce transactions [14,11,15]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Response Time (aka. download time or download delay) is defined by Rose and Straub [16] as â€Å" the time it takes for a web client to fully receive, process, and display files† (p. 56), and is ranked as one of the largest impediments to electronic commerce in their research. Additional research has reinforced that Response Time can be an impediment to e-Commerce, and that is it also strongly associated with web site success [17,18]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The consumers ease in comprehending the website is the Ease of Understanding. Loiacono et al. [8] describe this in terms of a websites ease of reading and the understandability of said website. This would include things like presenting the information in a manner which is easy for the consumer to assimilate, and in a fashion such that the consumer can quickly navigate to the desired information.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Intuitive Operations deals with the usability of a website, and includes items such as navigability, link placement, operation, and changing the color of visited links [19]. Intuitive Operations could be thought of as making the webpage easy to navigate, and providing intuitive options for available tasks [8]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Visual Appeal is how aesthetically pleasing the website is to the consumer. Determining what is aesthetically pleasing is complicated though; it ranges from the overall complexity of the website [20] and the layout of the interface [21] to how many ads and graphics are appropriate on a given page[22]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Innovativeness is â€Å"The creativity and uniqueness of a site design† [8]. This could include concepts such as a website having a new way of presenting its merchandise (e.g. Woot.com) or a website attempting to tailor the information to consumer preferences (e.g. Amazon.com)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Emotional Appeal can be elicited in many forms and can be thought of as the consumers intensity of involvement given the emotions that the website elicits [8]. This is often seen in the form of testimonials presented on the website, but can also be observed by simple things such as a consumers reaction to a Valentines Day card.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Loiacono et al. [8] articulate Consistent Image as the websites ability to project a company image that is compatible with the company image shown in other forms of media channels. For instance, a traditional brick-and-mortal store would want to ensure that their website was displaying a compatible image so that they could capitalize on synergies created by marketing in multiple channels such as cost savings, market extension and improved Trus [23].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Presenting all the information required for the tasks that the website is designed for would be considered On-line Completeness. This would include tasks such as the ability to complete an online transaction on e-commerce sites. A bank for instance would want ubiquitous account access using all available channels, and the information presented in each of these channels has to be on the same update cycle as to present the customer the same information regardless of channel [6].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Relative Advantage is gaining a competitive advantage by being able to do something better than the competition. This could come in the form of providing better interaction with the customer through the website [8], being able to provide more accurate and timely data through your website than the competition [6] or being able to price products lower than the competition because of reduced prices in your supply chain. Each of these dimensions is then tied back into the consumers intention to use/reuse the site. Trust and Response Time, being key indicators, are directly linked to the consumers intention to use the site. Common sense would tell us that consumers are not going to shop on a site that does not respond rapidly to requests. Likewise, if users dont trust the site to keep their information secure, they are not likely to supply the information in the first place. The remaining dimensions are all fully mediated by Usefulness, Ease of Use and Entertainment. Usefulness mediates Informational Fit-to-Task, Tailored Information, Online Completeness and Relative Advantage. Additionally, Ease of Use is partially mediated by Usefulness. Ease of Use mediates Ease of Understanding and Intuitive Operations. Finally, Entertainment mediates Visual Appeal, Innovativeness, Emotional Appeal and Consistent Image (See WebQual model in Figure 1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Consumers do not just browse a site and evaluate each of these individual traits though. Consumers instead tend to examine a website using those cues that they feel confident in their ability to evaluate successfully. To understand this issue further, WebQual needs to be combined with Cue Utilization Theory to explain the extrinsic/intrinsic nature of each of these dimensions. 4. Cue Utilization/WebQual Conceptual Model   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As Valacich et al [1] point out; consumers must have their basic level of needs met before any of the other elements of the website can become relevant to the consumers experience. To validate that these basic needs have been met, the consumer will evaluate those features that they believe to be highly predictive of the quality of the website. This evaluation will then be indicative of their willingness to continue to use the website.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Both extrinsic and intrinsic cues serve a function in the consumers overall evaluation of the quality of a website, which means that such cues possess varying degrees of PV and CV. Literature has shown that consumers tend to use a combination of both extrinsic and intrinsic cues when evaluating the quality of a product [2]. An argument can be made about the extrinsic versus intrinsic nature of each of the dimensions in the WebQual model.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Intrinsic cues are those cues that are inherent to a website. Conceptually they are the cues that when changed fundamentally alter a characteristic of the website (e.g. Visual Appeal). Consumers tend to see these cues as being highly predictive of quality [2]. At the same time, consumers may or may not have a high degree of confidence in their ability to evaluate these intrinsic cues because these cues are often difficult to differentiate. Thus, assuming a Cue Utilization Theory perspective, a website characteristic that is perceived to be an intrinsic cue would have an inherently high degree of PV. Yet, the power of an intrinsic cue for assessments of quality will depend on the CV of the cue, with higher levels of CV being optimal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Extrinsic cues are those cues that are used to evaluate a website but are not an inherent part of the website (e.g. Response Time). Consumers tend to have a lot of confidence in their ability to evaluate these cues in regards to assessment of quality [2]. On [the other hand, consumers typically do not rate these cues as being highly predictive (as compared to intrinsic cues) of the overall quality of the website. Considering extrinsic cues from a Cue Utilization Theory perspective, a website characteristic that is perceived to be an extrinsic cue would have an inherently high degree of CV.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shown in Table 1 is a 22 matrix representing how each of the combinations of CV and PV will influence consumers willingness to perform tasks on a given website. As shown, characteristics with high CV and high PV are believed to have the largest effect on consumers perceptions of website quality. Those with low CV and PV would have a small to none existent effect, and those high on one dimension but low on the other would have a moderate effect. Next, we will posit about how varying degrees of cue PVs and CVs, respectively, will affect consumer perceptions of overall website quality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Relative Advantage is often considered an important aspect of websites as discussed previously. However, from a Cue Utilization Theory perspective the consumer may experience, at most, only a vague feeling about the Relative Advantage of the website. As such they would not place much value in their confidence in assessing this characteristic, which would result in a low CV. Along the same lines the average consumer would also not really take Relative Advantage into consideration when they were performing tasks, implying a relatively low level of PV. Thus, website characteristics that fall into the quadrant in the model with low levels of both PV and CV would have a small impact on consumers willingness to perform tasks on a website. H1: A website characteristic with low CV low PV will produce a small to none existent effect on the consumers perception of website quality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A characteristic such as Trust is highly predictive of consumers willingness to use a website, but the average consumer may not have much confidence in their ability to evaluate this characteristic. Trust in an online medium has been shown to be an attribute that is hard for the consumer to evaluate and in some cases to even define. Cue Utilization Theory suggests that though this characteristic is highly predictive of website quality, consumers lack of confidence in evaluating the characteristic may inhibit their ability to use the characteristic to assess the quality of the website. Moreover, dimensions in this quadrant, high PV/Low CV, have been shown to be relatively intrinsic to the website [2], and will have a moderate effect on the consumers evaluation of the websites quality. H2a: A website characteristic with low CV high PV will produce a moderate effect on consumers perception of website quality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One could reason that Response Time is a good example of an extrinsic attribute because it is not part of the inherent composition of the website. Rather, Response Time could be considered extrinsic because it can vary without changing anything about the content of the website. Rose and Straub [16] have shown in their research that consumers tend to attribute lack of responsiveness to extrinsic factors such as the overall speed of the internet, their own internet connection being slow, or other factors. In general, consumers seem to be willing to give the website the benefit of the doubt when slow response times are encountered, and as such, Response Time could be considered extrinsic to the website because it doesnt fundamental change the consumers perception of the website when it is altered. Based on Cue Utilization theory attributes with a low PV and high CV (such as Response Time) will only have a moderate influence on the consumers evaluations of website qua lity, and those dimensions belonging to this quadrant would be extrinsic to the website [2]. H2b: A website characteristic with high CV low PV will produce a moderate effect on consumers perception of website quality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cue Utilization Theory suggests that those characteristics with High CV and PV are the most highly predictive of consumers perception of website quality. Visual Appeal could be considered an intrinsic attribute because it is a characteristic inherent to the website that consumers are confident in using to evaluate website quality. One could further speculate that Visual Appeal is intrinsic to the website because if the Visual Appeal of the website was changed it would alter the inherent nature of the website. Lindgaard, Fernandes, Dudek, and Browà ± [24] have shown in their research that consumers form opinions about websites within the first 50 milliseconds (ms) of exposure. Furthermore, this initial perception of websites is almost entirely based on Visual Appeal; this was shown by correlating the ratings between 50 ms and 500 ms. However, though this attribute is intrinsic it shows an optimally high level of CV and PV thus placing it firmly into the high impac t quadrant. Dimensions in this quadrant would exhibit the optimal balance between PV and CV (i.e., an optimal intrinsic cue), and as such this quadrant of the table is hypothesized to have the largest impact on the consumers evaluation of the websites quality. H3: A website characteristic with high CV high PV will produce the largest effect on consumers perception of website quality. 5. Research Method   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To test these hypotheses two empirical studies will be administered. Study 1 is designed to determine where each of the WebQual dimensions fit into the 22 model shown in Table 1. Furthermore, this study is designed to determine if a significant difference can be perceived to exist between each of the dimensions when rank ordered by PV and CV. Study 2 will test the hypotheses by collecting data on each of these dimensions using a sample website, and comparing actual results to those found in the first study. 5.1 Study 1   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This study will focus on determining the CV and PV for each of the 12 dimensions of website quality, and determining if there is a significant difference between adjacent dimensions when rank ordered. 5.1.1 Subjects. Approximately 500 subjects will be recruited from an introductory Information Systems class held on campus at a large Northwestern University. Additionally, approximately 125 subjects will also be recruited from a distance education class offered by the same university. Subjects physically present on campus will complete the survey during their regular lecture times, and the distance education participants will have one week to complete the survey on their own personal computer. All data for Study 1 will be collected during the fall of 2009. Subjects will be given course credit for completing the survey, and no other incentives will be provided. 5.1.2 Survey Procedure. The survey is broken into two sections, one for CV and one for PV. In the CV section subjects are presented with a scenario about shopping on the Internet and asked about their confidence in assessing each of the 12 WebQual dimensions when shopping on the Internet for a product (e.g. Amazon.com) or Service (e.g. Bank of America). For this series of questions, the subjects will be required to rate each of the 12 WebQual dimensions on a 10-point likert-type scale with Confident/Not Confident being the top and bottom end of the scale. Finally, the subjects are asked to rank order the dimensions from the ones they have the highest confidence in assessing to the ones they have the least confidence in assessing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second section is designed to measure the PV of each of the 12 dimensions. Subjects are put in a hypothetical situation where they are in charge of designing a website for their employer. The first step towards designing the website is to decide the relative importance of each of the twelve dimensions in regards to consumers evaluation of the overall website quality. For this series of questions, the subjects will be required to rate each of the 12 dimensions on a 10-point likert-type scale with Important/Not Important being the top and bottom end of the scale. The subjects are then asked to rank order each of the 12 dimensions with respect to how predictive of website quality the subject believes each dimension to be. 5.1.3 Data Analysis. Aggregating the results of this data collection will allow each of the dimensions to be mapped to a CV and PV scale. Based on the relative PV and CV scores, each of the dimensions will be integrated into the 22 matrix shown in Table 1. Furthermore, the relative magnitude of each dimension will indicate the relative effect each dimension will have on the overall rating of website quality. 5.2 Study 2   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This study will utilize subjects from an introductory Information Systems class taught in the fall of 2009. Approximately 500 students will participate. This study will focus on first determining the overall quality attributed to a website by the subjects, and secondly how the subjects rate each of the twelve WebQual dimensions for each website. Using regression analysis, we should then be able to show that the model accurately predicts the website quality based on the rating of each of the 12 dimensions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Furthermore, the pattern of results from this study will examine how well the WebQual dimensions fit to the quadrant they were assigned in Study 1, and that the model developed in Study 1 is predictive of the responses received in Study 2. Those dimensions that serve as the highest-level indicators of website quality should be rated the highest by the subjects, and those that are the lowest should be rated likewise. Ideally, this study should provide significant support for each of the proposed hypotheses, and indicate which of the dimensions should be of highest consideration when constructing a high quality website. Initial data for both of these studies should be ready to share at the conference, should the paper be accepted. 6. Discussion and Potential Contribution   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As shown in the model, the most important considerations when developing a website are those attributes that reside in the high CV and high PV quadrant. Online businesses should pay particular attention to the characteristics in this quadrant, as the consumer will tend to utilize these dimensions the most when determining the overall quality of the website. All businesses seeking to perform transactions within the e-commerce channel should pay heed to these recommendations, but online retailers need to pay particular attention, as this is the primary channel through which they produce revenue.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Of secondary importance to consumers are the Low CV/High PV and High CV/Low PV quadrants. If an online business seeks to capitalize on one of the dimensions within these quadrants, they need to pay particular attention to how they will nudge the consumer into using these dimensions for evaluation of website quality. This could potentially be accomplished through educational campaigns or marketing literature. Finally, the low CV/Low PV quadrant is of limited value to the online retailer, and should be removed from consideration when developing a website. This article seeks to contribute to the field by providing a model that can be used to enable web developers to effectively predict the overall quality of a website based on its design. In following this model, the developer will need to pay particular attention to those attributes that are highly predictive, from the consumers viewpoint, of overall website quality, and as such, the website should be designed in a fashion that encourages the consumer to conduct transactions. Additionally, the consumer will be motivated to perform future transactions from this website because they are familiar with the layout and possess a high confidence in the overall quality of the website. 7. Limitations and Future Research   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The primary limitation of this model is that it is an untested conceptual model. The assumptions contained herein are as of yet ungrounded in solid empirical evidence; furthermore, this model was designed around e-commerce websites designed to sell products to end consumers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Future research could delve into decomposing those elements that are the most highly predictive of website quality. This research could take each dimension and decompose them to their base elements to discover what it is about the dimension that makes it highly predictive of website quality. Additionally, the extrinsic/intrinsic nature of each of the dimensions could be explored to determine how a company can best capitalize on these dimensions when trying to sell the consumer on the quality of their website. Either of these approaches could prove invaluable to the field, as they will begin to give the developer a specific set of principles to follow when developing a high quality website. 8. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cue Utilization Theory is a concept that has been used in marketing for years to determine why consumers react differently to a given product. The author of this article has overlaid Cue Utilization theory upon WebQual to design a model that is predictive of the dimensions serving to form the consumers overall feel for the quality of a website. Using this model, website designers will be able to build a website that consumers will be more confident in assessing the quality of, and as such, the consumer will gain confidence in performing transactions on this website. 9. References J.S. Valacich, D.V. Parboteeah, and J.D. Wells, â€Å"The online consumers hierarchy of needs,† Commun. ACM, Vol. 50, No. 9, pp. 84-90, 2007. P.S. Richardson, A.S. Dick, and A.K. Jain, â€Å"Extrinsic and intrinsic cue effects on perceptions of store brand quality.,† Journal of Marketing, Vol. 58, No. 4, p. 28, Oct. 1994. E.T. Loiacono, R.T. Watson, and D.L. Goodhue, â€Å"WebQual: An Instrument for Consumer Evaluation of Web Sites.,† International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 51-87, Spring. 2007. â€Å"intrinsic,† The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. â€Å"extrinsic,† The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. C. Cappiello, C. Francalanci, and B. Pernici, â€Å"Time-Related Factors of Data Quality in Multichannel Information Systems.,† Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 71-91, Winter. 2003. D.L. Goodhue and R.L. Thompson, â€Å"Task-Technology Fit and Individual Performance.,† MIS Quarterly, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 213-236, Jun. 1995. E.T. Loiacono, D. Chen, and D.L. Goodhue, â€Å"WebQual TM Revisited: Predicting the Intent to Reuse a Web Site,† AMCIS 2002 Proceedings, p. Paper 46, 2002. S. Ghose and W. Dou, â€Å"Interactive Functions and Their Impacts on the Appeal of Internet Presence Sites.,† Journal of Advertising Research, Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 29-43, Mar. 1998. R.T. Rust and K.N. Lemon, â€Å"E-Service and the Consumer.,† International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 85-101, Spring. 2001. D.H. McKnight, V. Choudhury, and C. Kacmar, â€Å"Developing and Validating Trust Measures for e-Commerce: An Integrative Typology.,† Information Systems Research, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 334-359, 2002. R. Pennington, H.D. Wilcox, and V. Grover, â€Å"The Role of System Trust in Business-to-Consumer Transactions.,† Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 197-226, Winter. 2003. J. Kim, J